Palæos:		References
The Vertebrates		A-M

References

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Abbott, EA (1884), Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions.  Republished at http://www.geom.umn.edu/~banchoff/Flatland/ as of 4/20/02. Neoselachii Overview.

Adriaens, D & W Verraes (1997), The ontogeny of the chondrocranium in Clarias gariepinus: trends in siluroids.  J. Fish Biol. 50: 1221-1257.  WWW.  Cladoselachida.  

Adriaens, D & W Verraes (1998), Osteology of the osteocranium in the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell (1822) (Siluriformes: Clariidae): ossification sequence as a response to functional demands. J. Morphol. 235: 183-237.  WWW.  Dermosphenotic, Siluriphysi.  

Ahlberg , PE (1995), Elginerpeton pancheni and the earliest tetrapod clade.  Nature, 373: 420-425.  Elginerpetonidae, Elginerpeton, Obruchevichthys, Tetrapoda, Ventastega.  

Ahlberg, PE (1998), Postcranial stem tetrapod remains from the Devonian of Scat Craig, Morayshire, Scotland.  Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 122: 99-141.  Acanthostega, Elginerpeton, Ichthyostega, Tetrapoda.  

Ahlberg, PE (1999), Something fishy in the family tree. Nature 397: 564-565.  Osteichthyes.

Ahlberg, PE (2004), Comment on "The early evolution of the tetrapod humerus." Science 305: 1715c.  Elginerpeton.  

Ahlberg, PE & JA Clack (1998), Lower jaws, lower tetrapods -- a review based on the Devonian genus Acanthostega. Trans. Roy. Soc. (Edinburgh), Earth Sci., 89: 11-46. Acanthostega, Baphetes; Baphetidae, Crocodyliformes, Ichthyostega, Loxomma, Megalocephalus, Metaxygnathus, Obruchevichthys, Panderichthys, Tetrapoda, Ventastega.

Ahlberg, PE & Z Johanson (1997), Second tristichopterid (Sarcopterygii, Osteolepiformes) from the Upper Devonian of Canowindra, New South Wales, Australia, and phylogeny of the Tristichopteridae. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 653-673. Cabonnichthys, Osteolepiformes, Tristichopteridae.  

Ahlberg, PE & Z Johanson (1998) Osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods. Nature 395: 792-794.  Osteolepiformes.

Ahlberg, PE & E Luksevics (2004) New light on the Devonian tetrapod Ventastega curonica.  10th Intl. Symp. Early Vert. Lower Vert., p. 10 (abstr).  Elginerpeton, Tetrapoda, Ventastega.

Ahlberg, PE & AR Milner (1994), The origin and early diversification of tetrapods. Nature 368: 507-514.  Elpistostegalia, Osteolepiformes.  

Ahlberg, PE, JA Clack & E Lukševičs (1996), Rapid braincase evolution between Panderichthyes and the earliest tetrapods. Nature 381: 61-64.  Panderichthys, Tetrapoda. 

Ahlberg, PE, M Friedman & H Blom (2005), New light on the earliest known tetrapod jaw.  J. Vert. Paleontol. 25: 720-724.  Elginerpeton.  

Ahlberg, PE, E Lukševics & E Mark-Kurik (2000), A near-tetrapod from the Baltic Middle Devonian. Palaeontology 43: 533-548.  Elpistostegalia, Livoniana, Osteolepiformes.

Albanesi, GL & CP Barnes (2000), Subspeciation within a punctuated equilibrium evolutionary event: phylogenetic history of the Lower-Middle Ordovician Paroistodus originalis - P. horridus complex (Conodonta).  J. Paleontol. 74: 492-502. Conodonta

Albino, AM (2000), New record of snakes from the Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina). Geodiversitas 22: 247-253. Madtsoiidae

Alcober, O (2000), Redescription of the skull of Saurosuchus galilei (Archosauria: Rauisuchidae) J. Vert. Paleontol. 20: 302-316.  Poposauridae, Rauisuchidae, Saurosuchus.  

Anderson, LC & PD Roopnarine (2005) Role of constraint and selection in the morphologic evolution of Caryocorbula (Mollusca: Corbulidae) from the Caribbean Neogene.  Palaeont. Elec. 8: 32A, 18pp. WWW.  Holopterygius.  

Anderson, JM & ARI Cruikshank (1978), The Biostratigraphy of the Permian and Triassic, Part 5, a review of the classification and distribution of Permo-Triassic Tetrapods, Paleontol. Afr. 21: 15-44. Laccocephalus. 

Andrews, SM (1973), Interrelationships of crossopterygians in PH Greenwood, RS Miles & C Patterson [eds.], Interrelationships of Fishes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 53(supp.1): 137-177.  Onychodontiformes, Onychodus, Strunius.  

Andrews, SM & TS Westoll (1970), The postcranial skeleton of Eusthenopteron foordi Whiteaves. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 68: 207–329.  Acanthostega, Eusthenopteron. 

Andrews, SM & TS Westoll (1970a), The postcranial skeleton of rhipidistian fishes excluding Eusthenopteron. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 68: 391–489 (1970).  Eusthenopteron, Megalichthyidae, Osteolepididae, Osteolepiformes, Rhizodontiformes, Tristichopteridae.  

Archibald, JD, AO Averianov & EG Ekdale, (2001), Late Cretaceous relatives of rabbits, rodents, and other extant eutherian mammals.  Nature 414: 62-65.  Eutheria, Glires, Zalambdalestidae.

Arcucci, AB (1997), Dinosauromorpha in Currie, PJ and K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, pp. 179-183. Dinosauromorpha, Lagerpeton, Lagosuchidae.

Arcucci, AB & CA Marsicano (1998), A distictive new archosaur from the Middle Triassic (Los Chañares Formation) of Argentina. J. Vert. Paleontol. 18: 228-232.  Tarjadia

Arnason, U & A Janke (2002), Mitogenomic analyses of eutherian relationships, Cytogenet. Genome Res. 96: 20-32.  Insectivora.  

Arnason, U, JA Adegoke, K Bodin, EW Born, YB Esa, A Gullberg, M Nilsson, RV Short, X-F Xu, & A Janke (2002), Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 8151-8156.  Insectivora.  

Arnason, U, A Gulberg & A Janke (1998), Molecular timing of primate divergences as estimated by two nonprimate calibration points.  J. Mol. Evol. 47:718–727  Hippomorpha.  

Asher, RJ, MC McKenna, RJ Emry, AR Tabrum & DG Kron (2002), Morphology and relationships of Apternodus and other extinct, zalambdodont placental mammals, Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. #273: 117 pp. Apternodontidae, Chrysochloroidea, Insectivora, Micropternodontidae, Oligoryctidae, Palaeoryctidae, Parapternodontidae, Solenodontidae, Soricidae, Soricinae, Soricomorpha, Tenrecoidea.  

Averianov, AO (2000), Mammals from the Mesozoic of Kirgizstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tadzhikistan in MJ Benton, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 627-652. Zhelestidae

Averianov, AO (2002), Early Cretaceous “symmetrodont” mammal Gobiotheriodon from Mongolia and the classification of “Symmetrodonta”.  Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 47: 705-716.  Tinodontidae.

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Bailey, JB (1997), Neural spine elongation in dinosaurs: sailbacks or buffalo-backs? J. Paleontol. 71: 1124-1146. Ouranosaurus

Bailon, S (1988), Un aniliidé (Reptilia, Serpentes) dans le Pliocène Supérieur Européen. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris (Ser. II) 306: 1255-1258. Aniliidae.

Bajpai, S & PD Gingerich (1998), A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 95:15464-15468.  Cetacea, Cetartiodactyla.

Bajpai, S & JGM Thewissen (1998), Middle Eocene cetaceans from the Harudi and Subathu Formations of India, in JGM Thewissen [ed.], The Emergence of Whales, Plenum Press pp 213-233.  Protocetidae, Remingtonocetidae.

Bakker, RT (1975), Dinosaur Renaissance, Scientific American 232: 58­78.  Tapinocephalidae.

Bakker, RT, (1986), The Dinosaur Heresies : New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction. Kensington Pub Corp.: 481 pp. Diplodocus, Tapinocephalidae, Titanosauria, Tyrannosauroidea.

Barghusen, HR (1968), The lower jaw of cynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida) and the evolutionary origin of mammal-like adductor jaw musculature. Postilla 116: 1-49.  Cynodontia.

Barghusen, HR (1975), A review of fighting adaptions in dinocephalians (Reptilia, Therapsida), Paleobiology 1: 295-311. Struthiocephalus, Tapinocephalidae.

Barlow, AJ & PH Francis-West (1997), Ectopic application of recombinant BMP-2 and BMP-4 can change patterning of developing chick facial primordia. Development 124: 391-398. Meckel's Cartilage.

Barlow, GW (2000), The Cichlid Fishes: Nature's Grand Experiment in Evolution. Perseus Publishing: 335 pp. Cichlidae, Epibranchials, Labridae, Labroidei.

Barsbold, R & T Maryanska (1990), Segnosauria in DB Weishampel, P Dodson, & H Osmólka (eds), The Dinosauria. Univ. Calif. Press, pp. 408-415. Therizinosauridae.

Basden, AM & GC Young (2001), A primitive actinopterygian neurocranium from the Early Devonian of southeastern Australia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 754-766.  Sarcopterygii

Battail, B & MV Surkov (2000), Mammal-like reptiles from Russia in MJ Benton, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp 86-119. Anoplosuchus, Anteosauria, Archaeosyodon, Biarmosuchia, Brithopus, Chthomaloporus, Deuterosaurus, Dolisauriscus, Dvinia, Eotitanosuchia, Estemmenosuchidae, Estemmenosuchus, Jugals, Lystrosaurus, Molybdopygus, Nanocynodon, Notosyodon, Phthinosuchidae, Procynosuchidae, Sphenacodontia, Syodon, Tapinocephalidae, Therapsida, Ulemosaurus. 

Beaumont, EH (1977), Cranial morphology of the Loxommatidae (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia).  Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 280: 29-101. Baphetes, Baphetidae, Loxomma, Megalocephalus, Septomaxilla, Spathicephalus.

Beaumont, EH & TR Smithson (1998), The cranial morphology and relationships of the aberrant Carboniferous amphibian Spathicephalus mirus Watson.  Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 122: 187-209. Spathicephalus

Behrensmeyer, AK, JD Damuth, WA DiMichele, R Potts, H-D Sues & SL Wing (1992), Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals.  Univ. Chicago Press, 568 pp. Heterodontosauridae.

Bemis, WE, EK Findeis & L Grande (1997), An overview of Acipenseriformes. Env. Biol. Fishes, 48: 25-71. Acipenseriformes, Birgeriidae, Chondrostei, Saurichthyidae. 

Bendix-Almgreen, SE (1971), The anatomy of Menaspis armata and the phyletic affinities of the menaspid bradydonts.  Lethaia 4: 21-49.  Menaspidae.

Bennett, SC (1996), Year-classes of pterosaurs from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: taxonomic and systematic implications. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 432-444. Dactylosaurus, Pterodactyloidea.

Bennett, SC (1997), Terrestrial locomotion of pterosaurs: a reconstruction based on Pteraichnus trackways. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 104-113. Pterodactyloidea, Pterosauria.

Bensch, S & A Härlid (2000), Mitochondrial genomic rearrangements in songbirds. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17: 107-113. Cuculiformes.

Benson, RD (1999), Presbyornis isoni and other Late Paleocene birds from North Dakota. Smithsonian Contribs. Paleobiol. 89: 253-259. Presbyornis, Telmabates.

Benton, MJ (1984), Rauisuchians and the success of dinosaurs. Nature 310: 101. Poposauridae, Prestosuchidae, Rauisuchia, Rauisuchidae, Saurosuchus.

Benton, MJ (1997), Origin and early evolution of Dinosaurs, in JO Farlow & MK Brett-Surman (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana Univ. Press, pp. 204-215. Dinosauria

Benton MJ (1999), Scleromochlus taylori and the origin of dinosaurs and pterosaurs, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B354: 1423-1446. Ornithodira, Ornithosuchidae, Scleromochlus.  

Benton, MJ & JM Clark (1988), Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodilia in MJ Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods 1: 295-338. Oxford, The Systematics Assoc. Archosauria, Gracilisuchus, Ornithosuchidae, Prestosuchidae.

Benton, MJ & DJ Gower (2002), Alick D. Walker 1925–1999: an appreciation.  Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 136: 1-5.  Euparkeriidae. 

Benton, MJ & AD Walker (2002), Erpetosuchus, a crocodile-like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 136: 25-47. Aetosauridae, Batrachotomus, Erpetosuchus, Gracilisuchus, Ornithosuchidae, Prestosuchidae.

Benton, MJ, L Juul, GW Storrs, & PM Galton (2000), Anatomy and systematics of the prosauropod dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus from the Upper Triassic of Southwest England. J. Vert. Paleontol. 20: 77-108. Dactylosaurus, Sauropodomorpha.

Beresford, P, FK Barker, PG Ryan & TM Crowe (2005), African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary ‘enigmas.’  Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 272: 849-858.  Ratites.  

Berger, AJ (1960), Some anatomical characters of the Cuculidae and the Musophagidae.  Wilson Bull. 72: 60-103.  Cuculidae.  

Berman, DS (2000), Origin and early evolution of the amniote occiput. J. Paleontol. 74: 938-956. Acanthostega, Baphetes, Baphetidae, The Occiput, The Opisthotic

Berman, DS, RR Reisz, D Scott, AC Henrici, SS Sumida & T Martens (2000), Early Permian bipedal reptile. Science 290: 969-972. Bolosauridae, The Opisthotic.

Berner, RA & Z Kothavala (2001), GEOCARB III: a revised model of atmospheric CO₂ over Phanerozoic time.  Amer. J. Sci. 301: 182-204.  Tetrapoda.  

Berner, RA, DJ Beerling, R Dudley, JM Robinson & RAWildman, Jr (2003), Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen.  Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 31: 105–34.  Tetrapoda. 

Bertelli, S & LM Chiappe (2005), Earliest tinamous (Aves: Palaeognathae) from the Miocene of Argentina and their phylogenetic position.  Contrib. Sci. #502, 20 pp.  Ratites.  

Bertelli, S & AL Porzecanski (2004), Tinamou (Tinamidae) systematics: A preliminary combined analysis of morphology and molecules.  Ornit. Neotrop. 15 (supp.), 8pp.  Ratites.  

Birstein, VJ, R Hanner & R DeSalle (1997), Phylogeny of the Acipenseriformes: cytogenetic and molecular approaches. Env. Biol. Fishes, 48: 127-155. Acipenseriformes, Chondrostei. 

Blieck ARM & P Janvier (1999), Silurian-Devonian vertebrate-dominated communities, with particular reference to agnathans, in AJ Boucot & J Lawson [eds.], Paleocommunities: a Case Study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 79-105. Amphiaspidida, Corviaspididae, Ctenaspis.

Blieck, A & VN Karatajute-Talimaa (2001) New corvaspids from the Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) of Severnaya Zemlya, Russia (Vertebrata: Pteraspidomorphi: Heterostraci), in DK Elliott & MD Gottfried [eds.], 9th International Meeting on Early Vertebrates/Lower Vertebrates. J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 639-650.  Corveolepis, Corviaspididae. 

Blieck, ARM, VN Karatajütë-Talimaa & E Mark-Kurik (2002), Upper Silurian and Devonian pteraspidomorphs (Vertebrata) from Severnaya Zemlya (Russia): a preliminary report with biogeographical and biostratigraphical implications. Geodiversitas 24: 805-820.  WWW  Amphiaspidida, Corviaspididae, Corveolepis, Hibernaspidoidei.

Blom, H (1999), Loganellia (Thelodonti, Agnatha) from the Lower Silurian of North Greenland, Acta Geol. Polonica 49: 97-104. Loganellia. 

Blom, H (2005), Taxonomic revision of the Late Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega from East Greenland.  Palaeontology 48: 111-134. Ichthyostega, Tetrapoda.

Blom, H & D Goujet (2002), Thelodont scales from the Lower Devonian Red Bay Group, Spitsbergen, Palaeontology 45: 795-820. Apalolepididae, Katoporida, Nikoliviidae, Turiniidae, Thelodontida.

Bolt, JR & S Chatterjee (2000), A new temnospondyl amphibian from the Late Triassic of Texas. J. Paleontol. 74: 670-683.

Bonaparte, JF (1971), Annotated list of the South American Triassic tetrapods, in SH Haughton (ed.), Second Gondwana Symposium, Proceedings and Papers [1970]. Council of Scientific and Inustrial Research [Praetoria] 2: 665-682. Ornithosuchidae, Neoaetosauroides, Saurosuchus, Stagonolepis, Venaticosaurus. 

Bonaparte, J (1986), The early radiation and phylogenetic relationships of the Jurassic sauropod dinosaurs, based on vertebral anatomy, in K Padian (ed.), The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Barapasaurus, Haplocanthosaurus

Boonstra, LD (1956), The skull of Tapinocephalus and its near relatives. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 43: 137-169. Tapinocephalidae. 

Boonstra, LD (1963), Diversity within the South African Dinocephalia. S. Afr. J. Sci. 59: 196-206. Tapinocephalidae, Ulemosaurus.

Boonstra, LD (1965), The skull of Struthiocephalus kitchingi. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 48: 251-265. Struthiocephalus, Tapinocephalidae.

Boonstra, LD (1969), The fauna of the Tapinocephalus Zone (Beaufort Beds of the Karoo). Ann S. Afr. Mus. 56: 1-73. Anteosaurus, Jonkeria, Struthiocephalus, Tapinocehalia.

Brandoni, D, AA Carlini, F Pujos & GJ Scillato-Yané (2004), The pes of Pyramiodontherium bergi (Moreno & Mercerat, 1891) (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Phyllophaga): the most complete pes of a Tertiary Megatheriinae. Geodiversitas 26: 643-659.

Brant, SV & G Ortí (2002), Molecular phylogeny of short-tailed shrews, Blarina (Insectivora, Soricidae), Mol. Phylogen. & Evol. 22: 163-173.  Insectivora.

Brett-Surman, MK (1997), Ornithopods, in Farlow, JO & MK Brett-Surman (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur, pp. 330-346. Hadrosauridae.

Brink, AS (1956), Struthiocephalus kirchingi sp. nov. Palaeont. Afr. 5: 39-56. Struthiocephalus.

Brochu, CA (2001), Progress and future directions in archosaur phylogenetics. J. Paleontol. 75: 1185–1201.  Archosauria

Brown, DS (1981), The Upper Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia) and a  review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., Geol. 35: 253-347. Colymbosaurus, Cryptoclididae, Elasmosauridae, Microcleidus, Muraenosaurus, Plesiosauroidea, Pliosauroidea

Bry, C (1996), Role of vegetation in the life cycle of pike in JF Craig [ed.], Pike Biology and Exploitation. Chapman & Hall, pp 45-67.  Esociformes.

Buchholtz, EA (1997), Paleopathology in PJ Currie & K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, pp. 522-534.  Tyrannosauridae, Tyrannosauroidea.

Buchholtz, EA (1998), Implications of vertebral morphology for locomotor evolution in early Cetacea in JGM Thewissen [ed.], The Emergence of Whales, Plenum Press pp 325-351.  Ambulocetidae, Autoceta, Basilosauridae, Basilosaurus, Georgiacetus, Remingtonocetidae. 

Buffetaut, E (1982), Radiation évolutive, paléoécologie et biogéographie des crocodiliens Mésosuchiens, Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, N.S. 60 (dated 1981) No. 142, 88 pp. Lybicosuchidae.

Burmeister, KC, JJ Flynn, JM Parrish, RL Whatley & AR Wyss (2000), Biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications of new middle to Late Triassic fossil vertebrates; Morondava Basin, Madagascar, Abstracts of the 2000 Meeting of the Western Association of Vertebrate Paleontologists, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff - pdf. - Aetosauridae

Busbey, AB (1986), New material of Sebecus cf. huilensis (Crocodilia: Sebecosuchidae) from the Miocene La Venta formation of Colombia, J. Vert. Paleontol. 6: 20-27. Sebecosuchidae

Butler, PM (2000), Review of the early allotherian mammals. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 45: 317-342. Allotheria, Haramiyida, Multituberculata.

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Caldwell, MW (1994), Developmental constraints and limb evoluiton in Permian and extant lepidosauromorph diapsids. J. Vert. Paleontol. 14: 459-471. Neodiapsida

Caldwell, MW (1996), Ichthyosauria: a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of diapsid affinities. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 200: 361-386. Neodiapsida

Caldwell, MW (1999), Squamate phylogeny and the relationships of snakes and mosasauroids. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 125: 115-147.  Agamidae, Anguoidea, Lanthanotidae, Monstersauria, Pythonomorpha, Serpentes, Varanoidea.

Caldwell, MW (2000), On the phylogenetic relationships of Pachyrachis within snakes: a response to Zaher (1998). J. Vert. Paleontol. 20: 187-190. Serpentes

Caldwell, MW & AM Albino (2001), Paleoenvironment and paleoecology of three Cretaceous snakes: Pachyophis, Pachyrachis, and Dinilysia. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 46: 203-218. Dinilysia; Madtsoiidae; Pachyophiidae.

Caldwell, MW, RL Carroll, & H Kaisar (1995), The pectoral girdle and forelimb of Carsosaurus marchesetti (Aigialosauridae), with preliminary phylogenetic analysis of mosasauroids and varanoids. J. Vert. Paleontol. 15: 516-531. Pythonomorpha.

Caldwell, MW & MSY Lee (1997), A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East. Nature 386: 705-709. Jugals, Pachyophiidae, Serpentes, Squamata.

Callaway, JM (1997), A new look at Mixosaurus, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles.  Academic Press.  pp. 45-59. Grippidia, Ichthyosauria, Mixosaurus. 

Callaway, JM (1997a), Ichthyosauria: Introduction, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles.  Academic Press,  pp. 3-16. Ichthyosauria, Ichthyosaurus, Mixosaurus, Neodiapsida, Sauria, Temnodontosaurus.

Callison, G. & HM Quimby (1984), Tiny dinosaurs: are they fully grown? J. Vert. Paleontol. 3:200-209. Genasauria.

Cameron, CB, JR Garey & BJ Swalla (2000), Evolution of the chordate body plan: new insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 97: 4469-4474. Vertebrata

Camp, CL (1980), Large ichthyosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Nevada. Palaeontographica Ser. A. 170: 139-200.  Californosaurus, Shastasauria.

Campbell, KSW & RE Barwick (1995), The primitive dipnoan dental plate. J. Vert. Paleontol. 15: 13-27. Diabolepis; Dipnoi; Youngolepis. 

Caputi L, N Andreakis, F Mastrototaro, P Cirino, M Vassillo & P Sordino (2007), Cryptic speciation in a model invertebrate chordate. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 104: 9364-9369. Ascideacea.

Carpenter, K (1997), Comparative cranial anatomy of two North American Cretaceous plesiosaurs, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles Academic Press, pp. 191-216.  Liopleurodon, Peloneustes.

Carpenter, K (1997a), Thyreophora in Currie, PJ and K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Academic Press, pp. 737-738. Thyreophora.

Carpenter, K (1997b), Ankylosaurs in JO Farlow & MK Brett-Surman, The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana Univ. Press, pp. 307-316. Ankylosauria.

Carpenter, K (1997c), Tyrannosauridae in PJ Currie & K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, pp. 766-768.  Tyrannosauridae.

Carpenter, K & M Smith (2001), Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex, K Carpenter & D Tanke [eds.], Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana Univ. Press, pp. 90-116. Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tyrannosauroidea.  

Carr, TD (1999), Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). J. Vert. Paleontol. 19: 497-520. Tyrannosauroidea. 

Carr TD, TE Williamson & DR Schwimmer (2005), A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. J. Vert Paleontol. 25: 119-143. Alectrosaurus.

Carrano, MT & JR Hutchinson (2002), Pelvic and hindlimb musculature of Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda).  J. Morphol. 253: 207-228 (2002). 

Carrano, MT, CM Janis & JJ Sepkoski, Jr. (1999), Hadrosaurs as ungulate parallels: lost lifestyles and deficient data. Acta Pal. Pol. 44: 237-261. Hadrosaurinae, Lambeosaurinae, Ouranosaurus.

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Dzik, J (2000), The Origin of the Mineral Skeleton in Chordates. Evol. Bio. 31: 105-154.  Teeth.

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Ericson, PGP (1999), New material of Juncitarsus (Phoenicopteriformes), with a guide for differentiating that genus from the Presbyornithidae (Anseriformes), Smithsonian Contribs. Paleobiol. 89: 245-251.  Presbyornis, Presbyornithidae.

Estes, RD, TH Frazzetta, & EE Williams (1970), Studies on the fossil snake Dinilysia patagonica Woodward: part I. Cranial morphology. Bul. Mus. Comp. Zool. 140: 25-73. Scolecophidia.

Estes, RD & FdeBSyG deAvalle (1982), Early Cretaceous lower vertebrates from Galva (Teruel), Spain. J. Vert. Paleontol. 2: 21-39. Genasauria

Evans, SE & D Sigogneau-Russell (1997), New sphenodontians (Diapsida: Rhynchocephalis) from the Early Cretaceous of North Africa. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 45-51. Sphenodontidae.

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Fagerlund, S (2004?), Acoustics and physical models of bird sounds.  WWW.  

Fairman, JE (1999), Prosauropod and Iguanodont Jaw Musculature: A Study on the Evolution of Form and Function. Unpub. M.A. thesis, Johns Hopkins Univ., 95 pp. Hadrocodium

Farlow, JO & TR Holtz, Jr. (2002), The fossil record of predation in dinosaurs in M Kowalewski & PH