 |
References |
|
The Vertebrates |
M-Z |
Unit References |
Unit Cladogram |
|||||
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
Maas, MC (1997), Enamel microstructure in notoungulates, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 319-334. Notostylopidae.
Maas, MC, JGM Thewissen, S Sen, N Kazanci & J Kappelman (2001), Enigmatic new ungulates from the Early Middle Eocene central Anatolia, Turkey. J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 578-590. Hilalia.
Macey, JR, A Larson, NB Ananjeva & TJ Papenfuss (1997), Replication slippage may cause parallel evolution in the secondary structures of mitochondrial transfer RNAs. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14: 30-39. Anguimorpha
Macey, JR, JA Schulte II & A Larson (2000), Evolution and phylogenetic information content of mitochondrial genomic structural features illustrated with acrodont lizards. Syst. Biol. 49: 257-277. Acrodonta, Cuculiformes.
Macey, JR, JA Schulte II, A Larson, NB Ananjeva, Y Wang, R Pethiyagoda, N Rastegar-Puyani, & TJ Papenfuss (2000a), Evaluating trans-Tethys migration: an example using acrodont lizard phylogenetics. Syst. Biol. 49: 233-256. Acrodonta, Agamidae, Amphibolurinae, Draconinae.
MacFadden, BJ & GS Morgan (2003), New oreodont (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Late Oligocene (Early Arikareean) of Florida. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 279: 368-396. WWW. Entelodontoidea, Oreodontoidea.
MacPhee, RDE & MJ Novacek (1993), Definition and relationships of Lipotyphla, in FS Szalay, MJ Novacek & MC McKenna [eds.], Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals, Springer 2: 13–31. Chrysochloroidea, Crocidurinae, Insectivora, Palaeoryctidae, Soricidae, Soricinae.
Madar, SI (1998), Structural adaptations of early archaeocete long bones in JGM Thewissen [ed.], The Emergence of Whales, Plenum Press pp 353-378. Basilosaurus, Dorudon, Protocetidae.
Mader, B & R Bradley (1989), A redescription and revised diagnosis of the syntypes of the Mongolian tyrannosaur Alectrosaurus olseni. J. Vert. Paleontol. 9: 41-55. Alectrosaurus, Ornithomimosauria, Tyrannosauridae.
Maisey, JG (1977), The fossil selachian fishes Palaeospinax Egerton, 1872 and Nemacanthus Agassiz, 1837. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 60: 259-273. Cladoselachida, Synechodus.
Maisey, JG (1981), Studies on the Paleozoic selachian genus Ctenacanthus Agassiz no. 1. Historical review and revised diagnosis of Ctenacanthus, with a list of referred taxa. Am. Mus. Nov. 2718, 22 pp. Ctenacanthidae.
Maisey, JG (1982), The anatomy and interrelationships of Mesozoic hybodont sharks. Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 2724, 48 pp. Cladoselachida.
Maisey, JG (1983), Cranial Anatomy of Hybodus basanus Egerton from the Lower Cretaceous of England. Am. Mus. Nov. No. 2758, 64pp. Cladoselachida.
Maisey, JG (1984), Higher elasmobranch phylogeny and biostratigraphy. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 33-54. Synechodontiformes, Synechodus.
Maisey, JG (1984a), Chondrichthyan phylogeny: a look at the evidence. J. Vert Paleontol. 4: 359-371. Cladoselachida, Synechodontiformes.
Maisey, JG (1985), Cranial morphology of the fossil elasmobranch Synechodus dubrisiensis. Amer. Mus. Nov. 2804, 28 pp. Synechodontiformes, Synechodus.
Maisey, JG (1988), The phylogeny of early vertebrate skeletal induction and ossification patterns. Evol. Biol. 22: 1-36. Osteichthyes.
Maisey, JG (1993), The interrelationships of Protospinax (Elasmobranchii: Hypnosqualea) reviewed in light of new material. J. Vert. Paleontol. 13: 48A (Abstract) Hypnosqualea, Protospinax, Synechodontiformes.
Maisey, JG (2001), CT-scan reveals new cranial features in Devonian chondrichthyan "Cladodus" wildungensis. J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 807-810. Cladoselachida.
Maisey, JG (2004), Morphology of the braincase in the broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), based on CT scanning. Amer. Mus. Nov. 3429, 52 pp. Glossary, Psarolepis, Synechodus.
Maisey, JG (2005), Braincase of the Upper Devonian shark Cladodoides wildungensis (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii), with observations on the braincase in early chondrichthyans. Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 288, 103 pp. Chondrichthyes Crown Group.
Makovicky, PJ, MA Norell, JM Clark & T Rowe (2003), Osteology and relationships of Byronosaurus jaffei (Theropoda: Troodontidae). Amer. Mus. Nov. 3402, 21 pp. The Ear, Troodontidae.
Mallatt, J (1996), Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 117: 329-404. Meckel's Cartilage.
Mallatt, J, J-Y Chen & ND Holland (2003), Comment on "A new species of Yunnanozoan with implications for deuterostome evolution", Science 300: 1372c. WWW. Haikouella.
Manabe, M (1999), The early evolution of the Tyrannosauridae in Asia. J. Paleontol. 73: 1176-1178. Tyrannosauridae.
Mancum, DJ, EA Tuley, LA Westfield, NK Worrall, BB Shelton-Inloes, JM Sorace, YG Alevy & JE Sadler (1989), Structure of the gene for human von Willebrand Factor, J. Biol. Chem. 264: 19514-19527. Insectivora
Manley, GA & JA Clack (2004), Vertebrate systematics and an outline of the evolution of vertebrate hearing organs, in Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System, GA Manley, A Popper & RR Fay (eds), Springer-Verlag, pp. 1-26. Tetrapoda.
Marivaux, L, J-L Welcomme, P-O Antoine, G Métais, IM Baloch, M Benammi, Y Chaimanee, S Ducrocq & J-J Jaeger (2001), A fossil lemur from the Oligocene of Pakistan. Science 294: 587-591. Adapiformes, Lemuriformes, Lemuroidea.
Marsh, OC (1884), Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VIII. The order Theropoda. Am. J. Sci. (3rd ser.) 27: 329-340. Coelurus.Marsh, OC (1888), Notes of a new genus of Sauropoda and other new dinosaurs from the Potomac Formation. Am. J. Sci. (3rd ser.) 31: 89-94. Coelurus.
Marss, T (1986), Squamation of the thelodont agnathan Phlebolepis. J. Vert. Paleontol. 6: 1-11. Katoporida, Loganiidae, Phlebolepis, Thelodonti, Thelodontida.
Marss, T (1999), A new Late Silurian or Early Devonian thelodont from the Boothia peninsula, Arctic Canada, Palaeontology 42: 1079-1099. Archipelepididae, Nikoliviidae.
Marss, T (2002), Silurian and Lower Devonian anaspids (Agnatha) from Severnaya Zemlya (Russia), Geodiversitas 24: 123-137. Cephalaspidida
Marss, T & VN Karatajute-Talimaa (2002), Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia), Geodiversitas 24: 381-404. Loganiidae
Marss, T & A Ritchie (1998), Articulated thelodonts (Agnatha) of Scotland, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Earth Sci. 88: 143-195. Epibranchials, Lanarkia, Loganellia, Shielia.
Marss, T, MVH Wilson & R Thorsteinsson (2002), New thelodont (Agnatha) and possible chondrichthyan (Gnathostomata) taxa established in the Silurian and Lower Devonian of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. 51: 88-120. Teeth.
Maryanska, T, H Osmólska & M Wolsan (2002), Avialan status for Oviraptorosauria. Acta Pal. Pol. 47: 97-116. Aves, Oviraptorosauria.
Mathur, AK & PD Polly (2000), The evolution of enamel microstructure: how important is amelogenin? J. Mamm. Evol. 7: 23-42. Teeth
Mazan, S, D Jaillard, B Baratte & P Janvier (2000), Otx1 gene-controlled morphogenesis of the horizontal semicircular canal and the origin of the gnathostome characteristics. Evol. & Devel. 2: 186. Teeth.
McCauley, DW & M Bronner-Fraser (2003), Neural crest contributions to the lamprey head. Development 130: 2317-2327 Teeth.
McEachran, JD, KA Dunn & T Miyake (1996), Interrelationships of the batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea), in MLJ Stiassny, LR Parenti & GD Johnson (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, pp. 63-84. Batomorphii, Hypnosqualea.
McGowan, C (1991), Dinosaurs, Spitfires and Sea Dragons. Harvard Univ. Press, 365 pp. Ichthyosaurus, Temnodontosaurus.
McGowan, C (1995), A remarkable small ichthyosaur from the Upper Triassic of British Columbia, representing a new genus and species. Can. J. Earth Sci. 32: 292-303. Eurhinosauria.
McGowan, C (1997), A transitional ichthyosaur fauna, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press, pp. 61-80. Ichthyosaurus, Shastasauria, Temnodontosaurus, Thunnosauria.
McKenna, MC (1956), Survival of primitive notoungulates and condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia. Amer. J. Sci. 254: 736-743. Notoungulata.
McKenna, MC (1963), New evidence against tupaioid affinities of the mammalian family Anagalidae. Amer. Mus. Nov. 2158, 16 pp. Anagalidae
Mendoza, M, CM Janis & P Palmqvist (2002), Characterizing complex craniodental patterns related to feeding behaviour in ungulates: a multivariate approach. J. Zool. 258: 223-246. Stenomylinae.
Meylan, PA (1996), Skeletal morphology and relationships of the early Cretaceous side-necked turtle, Araripemys barretoi (Testudines: Pelomedusoides: Araripemyidae), from the Santana formation of Brazil. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 20-33. Podcnemoidae
Miao, D (1993), Cranial morphology and multituberculate relationships, in FS Szalay, MJ Novacek & MC McKenna (eds.), Mammal Phylogeny: Mesozoic Differentiation, Multituberculates, Monotremes, Early Therians, and Marsupials. Springer-Verlag, pp. 63-74. Allotheria; Cimolodonta; Multituberculata.
Michard, J-G (1988), La dentine d'Ouranosaurus nigeriensis (Ornithischia, Iguanodontidae): étude en microscopie photonique et électronique. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris (4me sér.) 10: 405-418. Ouranosaurus.
Miles, CA, K Carpenter & K Cloward (1998), A new skeleton of Coelurus fragilis from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming. J. Vert. Paleontol. 18: 64A. Coelurus.
Miller CG & T Marss (1999), A conodont, thelodont and acanthodian fauna from the Lower Pridoli (Silurian) of the Much Wenlock area, Shropshire. Palaeontology 42: 691-714. Loganiidae.
Miller, RF, R Cloutier & S Turner (2003), The oldest articulated chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian period. Nature 425: 501-504. Psarolepis.
Milner, AC & W Lindsay (1998), Postcranial remains of Baphetes and their bearing on the relationships of the Baphetidae (=Loxommatidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 122: 211-235. Baphetes, Baphetidae.
Milner, AR (1980), The Tetrapod assemblage from Nyrany, Czechoslovakia, in AL Panchen (ed.), The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates. Academic Press: pp.439-496. Cochleosauridae, Edopoidea.
Mindell, DP, MD Sorenson, CJ Huddleston, HC Miranda, Jr., A Knight, SJ Sawchuk & T Yuri (1997), Phylogenetic relationships among and within select avian orders based on mitochondrial DNA, in DP Mindell (ed.), Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics. Academic Press. pp. 213-247. Acrodonta, Cuculiformes.
Mindell, DP, MD Sorenson & DE Dimcheff (1998), Multiple independent origins of mitochondrial gene order in birds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 10693-10697. Cuculiformes.
Modesto, SP, B Rubidge & J Welman (1999), The most basal anomodont therapsid and the primacy of Gondwana in the evolution of the anomodonts. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond, B 266: 331-337. Neotherapsida.
Modesto, SP & N Rybczynski (2000), The amniote faunas of the Russian Permian: implications for Late Permian terrestrial vertebrate biogeography, in MJ Benton, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 17-34. Therapsida Overview.
Modesto, S, CA Sidor, BS Rubidge & J Welman (2001), A second varanopseid skull from the Upper Permian of South Africa: implications for Late Permian 'pelycosaur' evolution. Lethaia 34: 249-259. Elliotsmithia, Mycterosaurinae, Varanodontinae, Varanopseidae.
Moller, P (1995), Electric Fishes: History and Behavior, Chapman & Hall, 584 pp. Neoselachii Overview; Torpediniformes.
Molnar, RE (1991), Fossil reptiles of Australia, in P Vickers-Rich, JM Monaghan, RF Baird & TH Rich (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology of Australia. Pioneer Design Studio (Melbourne), pp.605-689. Cimoliasaurus, Muttaburrasaurinae.
Monbaron, M (1978), Nouveaux ossements de dinosauriens de grande taille dans le bassin Jurasso-Crétacé de Taguelft (Atlas de Beni-Mellal, Maroc). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris (Sér. D) 287: 1277-1279. Rebbachisaurus.
Monbaron, M, DA Russell & P Taquet (1999), Atlasaurus imelakei n.g., n.sp., a brachiosaurid-like sauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Morocco. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sci ter. plan. 329: 519–526. Atlasaurus.
Montellano, M, A Weil & WA Clemens (2000), An exceptional specimen of Cimexomys judithae (Mammalia: Multituberculata) from the Campanian Two Medicine Formation of Montana, and the phylogenetic status of Cimexomys. J. Vert. Paleontol. 20: 333-340. Cimolodonta.
Motani, R (1997), Temporal and spatial distribution of tooth implantation in ichthyosaurs, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press. pp. 81-103. Cymbospondylus, Grippidia, Ichthyopterygia, Merriamosauria, Mixosaurus, Shastasauria, Tooth Implantation, Utatsusaurus.
Motani, R (1999), On the evolution and homologies of ichthyopterygian forelimbs. J. Vert. Paleontol. 19: 28-41. Shastasauria.
Motani, R, N Minoura & T Ando (1998), Ichthyosaurian relationships illuminated by new primitive skeletons from Japan. Nature 393: 255-257. Grippidia, Ichthyopterygia, Neodiapsida, Utatsusaurus.
Motta, PJ & CD Wilga (1999), Anatomy of the feeding apparatus of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum. J. Morphol. 241:33–60. Diplocercides.
Mouchaty, SK, A Gullberg, A Janke, & U Arnason, (2000), Phylogenetic position of the Tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) of Madagascar based on analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Echinops telfairi, Zool. Scripta 29: 307-317. Insectivora, Tenrecoidea.
Mouchaty, SK, A Gullberg, A Janke, & U Arnason, (2000a), The phylogenetic position of the Talpidae within Eutheria based on analysis of complete mitochondrial sequences, Mol. Biol. Evol. 17: 60-67. Erinaceomorpha.
Moy-Thomas, JA & RS Miles (1971), Palaeozoic Fishes (2nd ed.). Chapman & Hall. Onychodontiformes, Strunius.
Müller, AH (1968), Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie, vol.II part 1 (Vertebrates). Rhinesuchidae.
Müller, AH (1985), Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie - Bd.III, Vertebraten. Gustav Fischer Verlag, 665 pp. Anteosaurus, Deuterosaurus
Müller, J & RR Reisz (2005), An early captorhinid reptile (Amniota: Eureptilia) from the Upper Carboniferous of Hamilton, Kansas. J. Vert. Paleontol. 23: 561-568. Muller Amniota, Captorhinidae, Concordia, Eureptilia.
Murry, PA (1986), Vertebrate paleontology of the Dockum Group in K Padian (ed.), The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Cambridge Univ. Press. Desmatosuchus, Longosuchus, Paratypothorax, Poposauridae, Pseudopalatus, Stagonolepis.
Nelson, JS (1984), Fishes of the World (2nd ed.), Wiley, 523 pp. Torpediniformes
Nelson, JS (1994), Fishes of the World (3rd ed.), Wiley. Carcharhiniformes; Dallia, Esociformes, Esox, Galeomorphii; Heterodontiformes; Lamniformes; Neoselachii; Novumbra, Orectolobiformes, Umbra.
Newbrey MG, MVH Wilson & AC Ashworth (2005), Growth characteristics of Cretaceous and Cenozoic North American Esociformes: implications for systematics, in FJ Poyato-Ariza (ed.), 4th International Meeting on Mesozoic Fishes: Systematics, Homology, and Nomenclature: Extended Abstracts, pp 201-204. Esociformes.
Nilsson, T. (1946), A new find of Gerrothorax rhaeticus Nilsson a plagiosaurid from the Rhaetic of Scania. Lunds Univ. Årsskr. N.F.(2) 42(10). Plagiosauridae.
Norman, DB (1990), A review of Vectisaurus valdensis, with comments on the family Iguanodontidae, in K Carpenter & PJ Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 147-161. Altirhinus, Hadrosauridae, Hadrosauroidea, Jugals, Nanyangosaurus, Ouranosaurus.
Norman, DB & H-D Sues (2000), Ornithopods from Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Siberia, in MJ Benton, MA Shshkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 462-479. Altirhinus
Norman, DB & DB Weishampel (1990), Iguanodontidae and related ornithopods in DB Weishampel, P Dodson, & H Osmólka (eds.), The Dinosauria. Univ. Calif. Press, pp. 510-533. Ouranosaurus.
Norman, JE & MV Ashley (2000), Phylogenetics of Perissodactyla and tests of the molecular clock. J. Mol. Evol. 50: 11-21 Hippomorpha.
Nosotti, S & G Pinna (1999), Skullanatomy of Protenodontosaurus italicus Pinna 1990 (Reptilia: Placodontia). Paleontol. Lombarda n.s. 11 (17 pp.).
Novas, FE (1996), Dinosaur monophyly. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 723-741. Pterodactyloidea
Novas, FE (1997), Anatomy of Patagonykus puertai (Theropoda, Avialae, Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 137-166. Alvarezsauridae, Alvarezsaurus, Mononykus, Patagonykus.
Новицкая, ЛИ (1986), "Древнейшие бесчелюстные СССР: Гетеростраки: Циaтacпиды, Aмфиacпиды, Птepacпиды." Труды ПИН 219: 159c. [Novitskaya, LI (1986), The most ancient agnathans of the USSR: Heterostraci: Cyathaspidae, Amphiaspidae, Pteraspidae. Trudy Paleontol. Inst. Nauk 219: 159 pp.] My thanks to Dr. Stella Fitzgibbon for assistance with the translation. Amphiaspidida, Amphiaspidoidei, Ctenaspis, Hibernaspidoidei, Siberiaspidoidei.
Nowak, RM (ed.) (1991), Walker's Mammals of the World (5th ed.), Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1629 pp. (2 vols). Autoceta, Cetacea, Chrysochloroidea, Erinaceinae, Erinaceomorpha, Hylomyinae, Insectivora, Lorisiformes, Macroscelidea, Mysticeti, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea, Solenodontidae, Soricidae, Talpoidea, Tenrecoidea.
Nydam, RL (2000), A new taxon of helodermatid-like lizard from the Albian-Cenomanian of Utah. J. Vert. Paleontol. 20: 285-294. Anguimorpha; Monstersauria.
O'Keefe, FR, O Rieppel & PM Sander (1999), Shape disassociation and inferred heterochrony in a clade of pachypleurosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia). Paleobiology 25: 504-517. Neusticosaurus, Pachypleurosauridae.
O'Reilly, JC, RA Nussbaum &
D Boone (1996), Vertebrate with protrusible eyes. Nature 382:
33. H. Gymnophiona.
O'Reilly, JC, DA Ritter & DR Carrier (1997), Hydrostatic
locomotion in a limbless tetrapod. Nature 386:269-272. Gymnophiona.
Olson, EC (1962), Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, USA and USSR, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 52(2). Anteosauria, Doliosauriscus, Syodon.
Olsen, PE & H-D Sues (1986), The Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod transition, in K Padian (ed.), The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Vulcanodontidae.
Olsen, PE, H-D Sues & MA Norell (2000), First Record of Erpetosuchus (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the Late Triassic of North America. J. Vert. Paleontol. 20: 633–636. Erpetosuchus, Gracilisuchus.
Olson, SL (1999), The anseriform relationships of Anatalavis Olson and Parris (Anseranatidae), with a new species from the lower Eocene London Clay. Smithsonian Contribs. Paleobiol. 89: 231-243. Anatalavis, Anatidae, Cnemiornis, Presbyornithidae.
Olsen, SL & A Feduccia (1980), Presbyornis and the origin of the Anseriformes (Aves, Charadrimorphae). Smithsonian Contribs. Zool. 323, 24 pp. Galloanserae, Presbyornis.
Olson, SL & DC Parris (1987), The Cretaceous birds of New Jersey. Smithsonian Contribs. Paleobiol. 63, 22 pp. Anatalavis, Anseres.
Olshevsky, G (1994), The origin and evolution of the heterodontosaurians (unpub. English text). Genasauria.
Padian, K (1997a), Pterosauria, in Currie, PJ and K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs Academic Press, pp. 613-617. Pterosauria.
Padian, K, JR Hutchinson & TR Holtz, Jr. (1999), Phylogenetic definitions and nomenclature of the major taxonomic categories of the carnivorous Dinosauria (Theropoda). J. Vert. Paleontol. 19: 69-80. Allosauridae, Allosauroidea, Aves Overview, Carinatae, Carnosauria, Ceratosauria, Coelurosauria, Maniraptora, Metornithes, Ornithothoraces, Ornithurae, Sinraptoridae, Tetanurae, Theropoda.
Padian, K & M Smith (1992), New light on Late Cretaceous pterosaur material from Montana. J. Vert Paleontol. 12: 87-92. Azhdarchoidea; Ornithocheiroidea, Pterodactyloidea, Pterosauria, Rhamphorhynchoidea
Page, LM & BM Burr (1991), A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Co., 432 pp. Dallia, Esociformes, Esox, Novumbra, Umbra.
Paladino, FV, JR Spolita & P Dodson (1997), A blueprint for giants: modeling the physiology of large dinosaurs, in Farlow, JO & MK Brett-Surman (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur, pp. 491-504. Titanosauria.
Parks, P (1969), Cranial Anatomy and Mastication of the Triassic Reptile Trilophosaurus. M.A. thesis, U. Texas. 88 pp. Braincase Overview, Trilophosauridae.
Parrish, JM (1993), Phylogeny of the Crocodylotarsi, with reference to archosaurian and crurotarsan monophyly, J. Vert. Paleontol. 13: 287-308. Aetosauridae, Archosauria, Batrachotomus, Crocodylomorpha, Crurotarsi, Euparkeriidae, Gracilisuchus, Ornithodira, Ornithosuchidae, Poposauridae, Prestosuchidae, Proterochampsidae, Rauisuchia, Rauisuchidae, Riojasuchus, Saurosuchus, Suchia, Ticinosuchus.
Parrish, JM (1994), Cranial osteology of Longosuchus meadei and the phylogeny and distribution of the Aetosauria, J. Vert. Paleontol., 14: 196-209 - abstract. Aetosaurus, Longosuchus, Stagonolepis.
Patterson B (1977), A primitive pyrothere (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Early Tertiary of northwestern Venezuela. Fieldiana Geol. 33: 397-422. Notoungulata.
Patterson, C (1965), The phylogeny of the chimaeroids. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 249: 101-219. Chimaeriformes, Chimaeroidei, Holocephali, Menaspidae, Myriacanthoidei.
Patterson, C (1992), Interpretation of the toothplates of chimaeroid fishes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 106: 33-61. Holocephali.
Perle, A, MA Norell, LM Chiappe & JM Clark (1993), Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature 362: 623-626. Metornithes, Mononykus, Ornithothoraces
Peters, D (1997), A new phylogeny for the Pterosauria. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 69A [abstract]. Ctenochasmatoidea, Pterodactyloidea.
Peters, H, B Wilm, N Sakai, K Imai, R Maas & R Balling (1999), Pax1 and Pax9 synergistically regulate vertebral column development. Development 126: 5399-5408. Teeth
Petronio, C (1995), Note on the taxonomy of Pleistocene hippopotamuses. Ibex 3:53-55. WWW. Hippopotamidae.
Piotrowski, T & C Nüsslein-Volhard (2000), The endoderm plays an important in patterning the segmented pharyngeal region in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Devel. Biol. 225: 339–356. Teeth.
Piotrowski, T, TF Schilling, M Brand, Y-J Jiang, C-P Heisenberg, D Beuchle, H Grandel, FJM van Eeden, M Furutani-Seiki, M Granato, P Haffter, M Hammerschmidt, DA Kane, RN Kelsh, MC Mullins, J Odenthal, RM Warga & C Nüsslein-Volhard (1996), Jaw and branchial arch mutants in zebrafish II: anterior arches and cartilage differentiation. Development 123: 345-356 (abstract only). Meckel's Cartilage.
Pisani, D, AM Yates, MC Langer & MJ Benton (2001), A genus-level supertree of the Dinosauria. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 01pb0724, 7 pp.
Pough, FH, CM Janis & JB Heiser (1999), Vertebrate Life (5th ed.), Prentice Hall, 733+ pp. Multituberculata, Neoselachii Overview, Theria, Trematosauroidea.
Poyato-Ariza, FJ & S Wenz (2002), A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes. Geodiversitas 24: 139-248. WWW. Pycnodontiformes.
Prasad, GVR & BK Manhas (2002), Triconodont mammals from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India. Geodiversitas 24: 445-464. Jeholodens.
Proctor, NS & PJ Lynch (1993), Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure & Function. Yale Univ. Press, 340 pp. Aves Overview, Ornithurae.
Prothero, DR & RM Schoch (2002), Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: the Evolution of Hoofed Mammals. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 311 pp. Anthracotheroidea, Entelodontoidea, Hippopotamidae, Oreodontoidea, Poebrotherium, Suina.
Purnell, MA (1995), Microwear on conodont elements and macrophagy in the first vertebrates. Nature 374: 798-800. Conodonta, Euconodonta, Ozarkodinida.
Purnell, MA (2001), Feeding in conodonts and other early vertebrates in DEG Briggs & PR Crowther (eds.), Paleobiology II. Blackwell Science: 583 pp. Conodonta, Ozarkodinida
Purnell, MA (2001a), Scenarios, selection and the ecology of early vertebrates in PE Ahlberg (ed.), Major Events in Vertebrate Evolution: Palaeontology, Phylogeny, Genetics, and Development. Systematics Assoc. Spec. Vol. Ser. 61, pp. 187-208. Conodonta, Ozarkodinida
Purnell, MA (2001b), Feeding in extinct jawless heterostracan fishes and testing scenarios of early vertebrate evolution, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 269: 83-88.
Purnell, MA & PCJ Donoghue (1997), Architecture and functional morphology of the skeletal apparatus of ozarkodinid conodonts. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 352: 1545-1564. Conodonta, Ozarkodinida.
Purnell, MA, PCJ Donoghue & RJ Aldridge (2000), Orientation and anatomical notation in conodonts. J. Paleontol. 74: 113-122. Prioniodontida, Ozarkodinida.
Quérouil, S, R Hutterer, P Barrière, M Colyn, JC K Peterhans, & E Verheyen (2001), Phylogeny and Evolution of African Shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) Inferred from 16s rRNA Sequences, Mol. Phylogen. & Evol. 20: 185-195. Crocidurinae, Insectivora, Soricidae, Soricinae.
Rae, TC (1999), Mosaic evolution in the origin of the Hominoidea. Folia Primatol. 70: 125-135. WWW. Hominoidea.
Rage, J-C (2003), Relationships of the Malagasy fauna during the Late Cretaceous: Northern or southern routes? Acta Pal. Pol. 48: 661-662. Ratites.
Rasmussen, TE & G Callison (1981), A new species of triconodont mammal from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. J. Paleontol. 55:628-634. Priacodon.
Reid, REH (1997), Dinosaurian physiology: the case for "intermediate" dinosaurs, in Farlow, JO & MK Brett-Surman (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur, pp. 449-473. Titanosauria.
Reif, WE (1980), Development of dentition and dermal skeleton in embyronic Scyliorhinus canicula. J. Morphol. 166: 275-288. Teeth
Reisz, RR (1972), Pelycosaurian reptiles from the Middle Pennsylvanian of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 144: 27-62. Synapsida, Varanopseidae.
Reisz, RR (1986), Pelycosauria, Encylopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 17A, Fischer Verlag.
Reisz, RR, DS Berman & D Scott (1992), The cranial anatomy and relationships of Secodontosaurus, an unusual mammal-like reptile (Synapsida: Sphenacodontidae) from the Early Permian of Texas. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 104: 127–184. Sphenacodontidae.
Reisz, RR, DW Dilkes & DS Berman (1998), Anatomy and relationships of Elliotsmithia longiceps Broom, a small synapsid (Eupelycosauria: Varanopseidae) from the Late Permian of South Africa. J. Vert. Paleontol. 18: 602-611. Aerosaurus, Elliotsmithia, Jugals, Mycterosaurinae, Mycterosaurus, Varanodontinae, Varanops, Varanopseidae.
Reisz, RR, H Wilson & D Scott (1997), Varanopsieid synapsid skeletal elements from Richards Spur, a Lower Permian fissure fill near Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Notes 56: 160-170. Mycterosaurus, Sphenacodontidae, Varanopseidae.
Reynoso, V-H (1996), A Middle Jurassic Sphenodon-like sphenodontian (Diapsida: Lepidosauria) from Huizachal Canyon, Tamaulipas, Mexico. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 210-221. Clevosaurs; Sphenodontidae; Sphenodontinae.
Reynoso, V-H (1997), A "beaded" sphenodontian (Diapsida: Lepidosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Central Mexico. J. Vert. Paleontol. 17: 52-59. Sphenodontidae; Sphenodontinae.
Reynoso, V-H & JM Clark (1998), A dwarf sphenodontian from the Jurassic La Boca formation of Tamaulipas, Mexico. J. Vert. Paleontol. 18: 333-339. Clevosaurs; Sphenodontidae; Sphenodontinae.
Rich, TR, TF Flannery, P Trusler, L Kool, NA van Klaveren, & P Vickers-Rich (2001), A second tribosphenic mammal from the Mesozoic of Australia. Rec. Queen Victoria Mus. 110: 1-9. Ausktribosphenidae, Australosphenida, Mammalia Overview.
Rich, TR, RA Gangloff & WR Hammer (1997), Polar dinosaurs in PJ Currie & K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, pp. 562-573. Cryolophosaurus.
Rieppel, O (1989), A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauopterygia) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 323: 1-73. Anarosaurus, Dactylosaurus, Diapsida, Keichousaurus, Lepidosauromorpha, Neodiapsida, Neusticosaurus, Nothosauria, Pachypleurosauridae, Serpianosaurus, Simosaurus.
Rieppel, O (1995), Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles: implications for turtle relationships. Zoology -- Analysis of Complex Systems 98: 298-308. Testudines.
Rieppel, O (1995), The pachypleurosaur Neusticosaurus (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of Perledo, Northern Italy. N. Jahrb. Geol. Pal. Mon. 1995: 205-216. Neusticosaurus, Pachypleurosauridae, Serpianosaurus.
Rieppel, O (1997), Sauropterygia: Introduction, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles Academic Press, pp. 107-119. Eusauropterygia
Rieppel, O & H Hagdorn
(1997), Paleobiogeography of Middle Triassic Sauropterygia in Central
and Western Europe, in Callaway, JM & EL Nicholls (eds), Ancient
Marine Reptiles, Academic Press, pp. 121-44. Pachypleurosauridae.
Rieppel, O & L Kebang (1995), Pachypleurosaurs
(Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the lower Muschelkalk, and a review of the
Pachypleurosauroidea. Fieldiana (Geology) No. 1473,
N.S.32:1-44. Pachypleurosauridae.
Rieppel, O & R Wild (1996), A revision of the genus Nothosaurus (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Germanic Triassic, with comments on the status of Conchiosaurus clavatus. Fieldiana (Geology) No.1479, 82 pp. Nothosauridae
Rieppel, O & H Zaher (2000), The braincases of mosasaurs and Varanus, and the relationships of snakes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 129: 489-514. Dipnomorpha, The Opisthotic, The Prootic, Varanoidea.
Rijli FM, M Mark, S Lakkaraju, A Dierich, P Dolle & P Chambon (1993), A homeotic transformation is generated in the rostral branchial region of the head by disruption of Hoxa-2, which acts as a selector gene. Cell 31: 1333-49 (abstract only) Meckel's Cartilage.
Ritchie, A (1967), Ateleaspis tessellata Traquair, a non-cornuate cephalaspid from the Upper Silurian of Scotland. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 47: 69-81. [This issue, no. 311, was published as a separate festschrift volume for Dr. Errol I. White and is sometimes cited -- and filed by librarians -- as "Patterson, C & PH Greenwood (eds.) (1967) , Fossil Vertebrates. Academic Press"] Ateleaspis
Robinson, JA (1975), The locomotion of plesiosaurs. N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh. 149: 286-332. Plesiosauria
Robinson, JA (1977), Intercorporal force transmission in plesiosaurs. N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh. 153: 88-128. Plesiosauria
Rodrídguez-Vázquez, JF, JR Mérida-Velasco, LA Arráez-Aybar & J Jiménez-Collado (1997), A duplicated Meckel's cartilage in a human fetus. Anat. Embryol. 195: 497-502 (abstract only). Meckel's Cartilage.
Rogers, KC & CA Forster (2001), The last of the dinosaur titans: a new sauropod from Madagascar. Nature 412: 530-534. Nemegtosauridae, Rapetosaurus, Saltasaurinae, Somphospondylii, Titanosauria, Titanosauriformes.
Romer, AS (1947) Vertebrate Paleontology, (3rd ed.1966) Univ. Chicago Press. Uranocentradon.
Romer, AS (1956), Osteology of the Reptiles. Krieger Publ. Co. (1997 ed.): 772 pp. Ankylosauria, Hypohyal, Jugals, Rhynchocephalia Overview, Septomaxilla, Stegosauria, Stegosauridae, Thyreophora.
Romer, AS & LW Price (1940), Review of the Pelycosauria. Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Papers 28: 1-538. Aerosaurus, Amiiformes, Elliotsmithia, Jugals, Varanops, Varanopseidae
Rose KD, RL Cifelli & TR Lipka (2001), Second tricondont dentary from the Early Cretaceous of Maryland. J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 628-632. Triconodontidae.
Rosen, DE (1974), Phylogeny and zoogeography of salmoniform fishes and relationships of Lepidogalaxias salamandroides. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 153: 265-326. Argentiniformes, Dallia, Esociformes, Esox, Novumbra, Umbra.
Ross, CF (2000), Into the light: the origin of Anthropoidea. An. Rev. Anthropol. 29: 147-194. Anthropoidea, Haplorhini.
Rowe, T (1996), Coevolution of the mammalian middle ear and neocortex. Science 273: 651-654. Procynosuchidae
Ruben, J, A Leitch, W Hillenius, N Geist & Terry Jones (1997), New insights into the metabolic physiology of Dinosaurs, in JO Farlow & MK Brett-Surman [eds.], The Complete Dinosaur. Univ. Indiana Press, pp. 505-518. Ethmoid
Rubidge, BS & CA Sidor (2001), Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32: 449-480. Anteosauria, Biarmosuchia, Cynodontia, Cynognathia, Dinocephalia, Eucynodontia, Eutherapsida, Eutheriodontia, Gorgonopsia, Jugals, Neotherapsida, Probainognathia, Sphenacodontidae, Tapinocephalia, Therapsida, Theriodontia, Tritylodontidae.
Russell, DA & Z-M Dong (1993), The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30: 2107-2127. Alxasaurus, Therizinosauroidea.
Ruta, M, MI Coates & DLJ Quicke (2003), Early tetrapod relationships revisited. Biol. Rev. 78: 251-345. Acanthostega, Elpistostegalia, Ichthyostega, Lepospondyli, Ventastega.
Sachs, S (2005), Tuarangisaurus australis sp. nov. (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Queensland, with additional notes on the phylogeny of the Elasmosauridae. Mem. Queensl. Mus., 50: 425-440. Elasmosauridae.
Salgado, L, S Apesteguía & SE Heredia (2005), A new specimen of Neuquensaurus australis, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine titanosaur from North Patagonia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 25: 623-634. Neosauropoda, Neuquensaurus, Saltasaurinae, Saltasaurus, Sauropoda, Titanosauria.
Sander, PM (1989), The pachypleurosaurids (Reptilia: Nothosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland) with the description of a new species. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 325: 561-666. Neusticosaurus, Serpianosaurus.
Sander, PM (1997), The paleogeography of Shastasaurus, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press, pp. 17-43. Californosaurus, Cymbospondylus, Mixosaurus, Shastasauria, Thunnosauria
Sanger, TJ & AR McCune (2002), Comparative osteology of the Danio (Cyprinidae: Ostariophysi) axial skeleton with comments on Danio relationships based on molecules and morphology. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 135: 529-546. WWW. Ostariophysi, Otophysi.
Sanmartín, I & F Ronquist (2004), Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: Plant versus animal patterns. Syst. Biol. 53:216–243. Ratites.
Sansom, IJ & DK Elliott (2002), A thelodont from the Ordovician of Canada, J. Vert. Paleontol. 22: 867–870. Loganiidae, Thelodontida, Thelodontidae.
Sansom, IJ, MM Smith, & MP Smith (1996), Shark and thelodont scales from the Ordovician of Colorado, Nature 379: 628-630. Loganiidae.
Sansom, IJ, MP Smith, HA Armstrong & MM Smith (1992), Presence of the earliest vertebrate hard tissues in conodonts. Science 256: 1308-1311. Teeth
Santos-Ruiz, L, JA Santamaría & J Becerra (2001), Differential expression of FGF receptors during zebrafish fin regeneration. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45 (S1): S131-S132. WWW.
Scanlon, JD & MSY Lee (2000), The Pleistocene serpent Wonambi and the early evolution of snakes. Nature 403: 416-420. Aniliidae, Madtsoiidae, Serpentes.
Schaeffer, B (1981), The xenacanth shark neurocranium, with comments on elasmobranch monophyly. Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 169, 66 pp. Cladoselachida.
Schilling, TF & CB Kimmel (1997), Musculoskeletal patterning in the pharyngeal segments of the zebrafish embryo. Development 124: 2945-2960. Opercular.
Schultze, H-P (1973), Crossopterygier mit heterzerker schwanzflosse aus dem Oberdevon Kanadas, nebst einer beschreibung von Onychodontida-Resten aus dem Mittledevon Spaniens und aus dem Karbon der USA. Palaeontographica Abt. A. 143: 188-208. Grossius, Onychodontiformes, Onychodus, Strunius, Teeth.
Schultze, H-P (1994), Comparison of hypotheses on the relationship of sarcopterygians. Syst. Biol. 43: 155-173. Diabolepis; Dipnomorpha, Varanoidea.
Schultze, H-P & M Arsenault (1985), The panderichthyid fish Elpistostege: a close relative of tetrapods? Palaeontology 28: 293-309. Elpistostegalia, Osteolepiformes, Septomaxilla.
Schultze H.-P & M Arsenault (1987), Quebecius quebecensis (Whiteaves), a porolepiform crossopterygian (Pisces) from the Late Devonian of Quebec, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 24: 2351-2361. Onychodontiformes.
Schultze, H-P & J Chorn (1997), The Permo-Carboniferous genus Sagenodus and the beginning of modern lungfish. Contrib. Zool. 61: 9-70. Dipnoi.
Schweitzer, MH, JA Watt, R Avci, L Knapp, L Chiappe, M Norell & M Marshall (1999), Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti. J. Exper. Zool. 285: 146-157. Shuvuuia
Seeb, JE, LW Seeb, DW Oates & FM Utter (1987), Genetic variation and post glacial dispersal of populations of Northern Pike (Esox lucius) in North America. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 556-561. Esociformes
Seeley, HG (1888), On Thecospndylus daviesi (Seeley), with some remarks on the classification of the Dinosauria. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 44: 79-87. Coelurus.
Seiffert, ER & EL Simons (2000), Widanelfarasia, a diminutive placental from the late Eocene of Egypt, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 97: 2646-2651 WWW. Insectivora.
Seo, H-S, M Kube, RB Edvardsen, MF Jensen, A Beck, E Spriet, G Gorsky, EM Thompson, H Lehrach, R Reinhardt & D Chourrout (2001), Miniature genome in the marine chordate Oikopleura dioica. Science 294: 2506. Oikopleuridae.
Sereno, PC (1991), Lesothosaurus, "fabrosaurids" and the early evolution of the Ornithischia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 11: 168-197. Genasauria.
Sereno PC (1991a), Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. J. Vert. Paleontol. 11 (Supp) Mem. 2, 53 pp. Archosauria, Archosauriformes, Crurotarsi, Euparkeriidae, Ornithodira, Ornithosuchidae, Ornithosuchus, Phytosauridae, Proterochampsidae, Rauisuchiformes, Riojasuchus, Scleromochlus, Suchia.
Sereno, PC (1997), The origin and evolution of dinosaurs. Ann. Rev. Earth & Planet Sci. 25: 435-489. Carnosauria; Sinraptoridae, Tyrannosauroidea.
Sereno, PC (1998), A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher level taxonomy of Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuch für Geol. & Paläont. (Abh.) 210: 41-83. Neodiapsida.
Sereno, PC (1999), The evolution of the dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137-2147. Carnosauria, Diplodocoidea, Euhelopodidae, Eurypoda, Genasauria, Jobaria.
Sereno, PC, AL Beck, DB Dutheil, HCE Larsson, GH Lyon, B Moussa, RW Sadleir, CA Sidor, DJ Varricchio, GP Wilson, & JA Wilson (1999), Cretaceous sauropods from the Sahara and the uneven rate of skeletal evolution among dinosaurs. Science 286: 1342-1347. Jobaria, Nigersaurus, Rebbachisauridae.
Sereno, PC & Z-M Dong (1992), The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stgosauria. J. Vert Paleontol. 12: 318-343. Huayangosauridae, Stegosauria.
Sereno, PC, HCE Larsson, CA Sidor & B Gado (2001), The giant crocodyliform Sarcosuchus from the Cretaceous of Niger. Science 294: 1516-1519. Sarcosuchus, Terminonaris.
Sereno, PC, JA Wilson & JL Conrad (2004), New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 03PB1064 (on line). Ratites
Shaffer, HB, P Meylan & ML McKnight (1997), Tests of turtle phylogeny: molecular, morphological, and paleontological approaches. Syst. Biol. 46: 235-268. Meiolania, Testudines.
Shear, WA & PA Selden (2001), Rustling in the undergrowth: animals in early terrestrial ecosystems in PG Gensel & D Edwards [eds.], Plants Invade the Land, Columbia Univ. Press, pp. 29-51. Tetrapoda.
Shirai, S (1996), Phylogenetic interrelationships of neoselachians (Chondrichthyes: Euselachii), in Stiassny, MLJ, LR Parenti & GD Johnson (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes, pp. 9-34. Academic Press. Batomorphii, Carcharhiniformes, Galeomorphii, Heterodontiformes, Hypnosqualea, Lamniformes, Neoselachii, Neoselachii Overview, Orectolobiformes, Squalea, Synechodontiformes.
Shishkin, MA, IV Novikov & YM Gubin (2000), Permian and Triassic temnospondyls from Russia in MJ Benton, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 35-59. Angusaurus, Inflectosaurus, Luzocephalidae, Prothoosuchus, Septomaxilla, Thoosuchus, Trematosauridae, Trematosauroidea, Yarengia.
Shishkin, MA & Rubridge, BS (2000), A relict rhinesuchid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Lower Trassic of South Africa. Palaeontology 43: 653-670. Broomistega.
Shoshani, J & MC McKenna (1998), Higher taxonomic relationships among extant mammals based on morphology, with selected comparisons of results from molecular data. Mol. Phylog. & Evol. 9: 572-584. Altungulata, Eparctocyona, Ungulata.
Shu, D-G & SC Morris (2003), Response to comment on "A new species of Yunnanozoan with implications for deuterostome evolution", Science 300: 1372d. WWW. Haikouella.
Shu, D-G, H-L Luo, SC Morris, X-L Zhang, S-X Hu, L Chen, J Han, M Zhu, Y Li & L-Z Chen (1999), Lower Cambrian vertebrates from South China. Nature 402: 42-46. Craniata; Hyperoartia; Vertebrata.
Shu, D-G, S Conway Morris, J Han, Z-F Zhang, K Yasui, P Janvier, L Chen, X-L Zhang, J-N Liu, Y Li & H-Q Liu (2002), Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys. Nature 421: 526-529. Conodonta
Shubin, NH (1995), The evolution of paired fins and the origin of tetrapod limbs. Evol. Biol. 28: 39–85. Dipnomorpha, Panderichthys, Tetrapodomorpha.
Shubin, NH, EB Daeschler, & MI Coates (2004), The early evolution of the tetrapod humerus. Science 304: 90-93. Acanthostega, Elpistostegalia, Panderichthys, Tetrapoda, Tetrapoda, Ventastega.
Shufeldt, RW (1901), On the osteology and systematic position of the screamers (Palamedea: Chauna). Amer. Naturalist, 35: 455-461. Anhimidae.
Shum, L, Y Sakakura, P Bringas, Jr., W Luo, ML Snead, M Mayo, C Crohin, S Millar, Z Werb, S Buckley, FL Hall, D Warburton & HC Slavkin (1993) EGF abrogation-induced fusilli-form dysmorphogenesis of Meckel's cartilage during embryonic mouse mandibular morphogenesis in vitro. Development 118: 903-917. Meckel's Cartilage.
Sidor, CA (2001), Simplification as a trend in synapsid cranial evolution. Evolution 55: 1419-1442. Cynodontia, Epicynodontia.
Sidor, CA & JA Hopson (1998), Ghost lineages and "mammalness": assessing the temporal pattern of character acquisition in the Synapsida. Paleobiology 24: 254-273. Cynodontia, Dvinia, Epicynodontia, Galesauridae, Procynosuchus, Thrinaxodon.
Sidor, CA & RMH Smith (2004), A new galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontology 47: 535-556. Epicynodontia, Progalesaurus.
Sigogneau-Russell, D (1989), Theriodontia I - Phthinosuchia, Biarmosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Gorgonopsia, in Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Gutsav Fischer Verlag, Part 17 B I. Biarmosuchidae.
Sigogneau-Russell, D (1995), Two possibly aquatic triconodont mammals from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco. Acta Pal. Pol. 40: 149-162. Amphilestes, Gobiconodon, Triconodonta, Triconodontidae.
Sigogneau-Russell, D & P Ensom (1998), Thereuodon (Theria, Symmetrodonta) from the Lower Cretaceous of North Africa and Europe, and a brief review of symmetrodonts. Cretaceous Res. 19: 445-470. Kuehneotheriidae, Spalacotheriidae, Symmetrodonta, Thereudontidae, Tinodontidae.
Sill, WD (1974), The anatomy of Saurosuchus galilei and the relationships of the rauisuchid thecodonts. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 146: 317-362. Prestosuchidae, Saurosuchus, Ticinosuchus.
Sillman, AJ, AK Beach, DA Dahlin & ER Loew (2005), Photoreceptors and visual pigments in the retina of the fully anadromous green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostrus) and the potamodromous pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus). J. Comp. Physiol. A 191: 799-811. Chondrostei
Simmons, NB (1993), Phylogeny of Multituberculata in FS Szalay, MJ Novacek & MC McKenna (eds.), Mammal Phylogeny: Mesozoic Differentiation, Multituberculates, Monotremes, Early Therians, and Marsupials. Springer-Verlag, pp. 146-164. Cimolodonta; Multituberculata; Paulchoffatiidae.
Simpson, GG (1948), The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part 1. Introduction. Systematics: Marsupialia, Edentata, Condylarthra, Litopterna and Notioprogonia. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 91: 1-232. Didolodontidae, Didolodus, Henricosborniidae, Litopterna, Notostylopidae, Notoungulata.
Sire, J-Y & M-A Akimenko (2004), Scale development in fish: a review, with description of sonic hedgehog (shh) expression in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48: 233-247. Teeth.
Sire, J-Y, S Marin & F Allizard (1998), Comparison of teeth and dermal denticles (Odontodes) in the teleost Denticeps clupeoides (Clupeomorpha). J. Morphol. 237: 237-255. Teeth
Slikas, B (1998), Recognizing and testing homology of courtship displays in storks (Aves: Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae). Evolution 52: 884-893. Ciconiidae; Ciconiiformes, Cuculidae.
Small, BJ (2002), Cranial anatomy of Desmatosuchus haplocerus (Reptilia: Archosauria: Stagonolepididae), Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 136: 97-111 abstract. Aetosauridae, Desmatosuchus.
Smith, JB (1997), Heterodontosauridae, in PJ Currie & K Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, pp. 317-319. Heterodontosauridae.
Smith, JB, MC Lamanna, KJ Lacovara, P Dodson, JR Smith, JC Poole, R Glegengack & Y Attia (2001), A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt, Science 292: 1704-1706. Dactylosaurus, Titanosauria, Titanosauriformes
Smith, MM. & ML Coates (2001) The evolution of vertebrate dentitions: phylogenetic pattern and developmental models in PE Ahlberg [ed.] Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution, Taylor & Francis, pp. 223-240. Teeth
Smith, MM & PC Heemstra (eds.) (1986), Smith's Sea Fishes, Springer-Verlag, 1047 pp. Torpediniformes
Smith, MM & BK Hall (1990), Development and evolutionary origins of vertebrate skeletogenic and odontogenic tissues. Biol. Rev. 65: 277-373. Osteichthyes.
Soehn, KL & MVH Wilson (1990), A complete, articulated heterostracan from Wenlockian (Silurian) beds of the Delorme Group, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. J. Vert. Paleontol. 10: 405-419 Ctenaspis.
Soehn, KL, T Marss, MW Caldwell & MVH Wilson (2001), New and biostratigraphically useful thelodonts from the Silurian of the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada, J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 651-650. Archipelepididae, Katoporida, Turiniidae.
Springer, MS & E Douzery (1996), Secondary Structure and patterns of evolution among mammalian mitochondrial 12S rRNA molecules, J. Mol. Evol. 43: 357-373. Insectivora.
Springer, MS, LJ Hollar & A Burk (1995), Compensatory substitutions and the evolution of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene in mammals, Mol. Biol. Evol. 12: 1138-1150. Insectivora.
Stahl, BJ (1988), Reconstruction of the head skeleton of the fossil elasmobranch, Phoebodus heslerorum (Pisces, Chondrichthyes). Copeia 1988: 858-866. Phoebodontidae.
Štamberg, S [Stamberg]& J Zajíc [Zajic] (2000), New data on the osteology of actinopterygian fish Sphaerolepis kounoviensis. Věstník Českého Geol. Ústavu 75: 455-458. Chondrostei.
Stanhope MJ, VG Waddell, O Madsen, WW deJong, SB Hedges, GC Cleven, D Kao, & MS Springer (1998), Highly congruent molecular support for a diverse superordinal clade of endemic African mammals. Mol. Phylogen. & Evol. 9: 501-508. Insectivora.
Stanhope, MJ, VG Waddell, O Madsen, WW deJong, SB Hedges, GC Cleven, D Kao & MS Springer (1998a), Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 9967-9972. Insectivora.
Stanley, SM (1998), Earth System History. WH Freeman & Co., 615 pp. Corviaspididae.
Stensiö, EA (1964), Les Cyclostomes fossiles ou Ostracodermes in J Piveteau [ed.], Traité de Paléontologie. Masson, 4: 96-383. Amphiaspidida, Amphiaspidoidei, Corviaspididae, Corveolepis, Ctenaspis, Hibernaspidoidei.
Steyer, JS (2000), Ontogeny and phylogeny in temnospondyls: a new method of analysis. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 130: 449-467. Lepospondyli, Temnospondyli, Tyrannosauroidea.
Steyer, JS (2002), The first articulated trematosaur "amphibian" from the Lower Triassic of Madagascar: implications for the phylogeny of the group. Palaeontology 45: 771-793. WWW. Angusaurus, Inflectosaurus, Luzocephalidae, Septomaxilla, Trematosauridae, Trematosaurus.
Storrs, GW (1997), Morphological and taxonomic clarification of the genus Plesiosaurus, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles Academic Press, pp. 145-190. Plesiosaurus.
Storrs, GW & MA Taylor (1996), Cranial anatomy of a new plesiosaur genus from the lowermost Lias (Rhaetian/Hettangian) of Street, Somerset, England. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 403-420. Eurycleidus.
Sudre, J & G Lecomte (2000), Relations et position systématique du genre Cuisitherium Sudre et al., 1983, le plus dérivé des artiodactyles de l’Éocène inférieur d’Europe. Geodiversitas 22: 415-432. WWW. Dichobunidae.
Sues, H-D (1992), A remarkable new armored archosaur from the Upper Triassic of Virginia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 12: 142-149. Aetosauridae, Crocodylomorpha, Doswellia, Euscolosuchus, Ornithosuchidae, Phytosauridae, Prestosuchidae.
Sues, H-D & DB Norman (1990) Hypsilophodontidae, Tenontosaurus, Dryosauridae. DB Weishampel, P Dodson, & H Osmólka (eds), The Dinosauria. Univ. Calif. Press, pp. 498-509. Muttaburrasaurinae.
Sues, H-D, NH Shubin & PE Olsen (1994), A new sphenodontian (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the McCoy Brook Formation (Lower Jurasic) of Nova Scotia, Canada. J. Vert. Paleontol. 14: 327-340. Clevosaurs.
Sulimski, A (1968), Paleocene genus Pseudictops Mathew, Granger & Simpson 1929 (Mammalia) and its revision. Palaeontologia Polonica 19: 101-129. Anagalidae, Pseudictopidae.
Summers, AP & JC O'Reilly (1997), A comparative study of locomotion in the caecilians Dermophis mexicanus and Typhlonectes natans (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 121-65-76. Gymnophiona
Sun, AL & KH Cui (1986), The Lower Lufeng Saurischian fauna, in K Padian (ed.), The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Vulcanodontidae.
Surkov, MV, NN Kalandadze & MJ Benton (2005), Lystrosaurus georgi, a dicynodont from the Lower Triassic of Russia, J. Vert. Pal. 25: 402-413.
Suzuki, S, LM Chiappe, GJ Dyke, M Watabe, R. Barsbold & K Tsogtbaatar (2002), A new specimen of Shuvuuia deserti Chiappe et al., 1998 from the Mongolian Late Cretaceous with a discussion of the relationships of alvarezsaurids to other theropod dinosaurs. Contribs. Sci. No. 494, 20 pp. . Parvicursor.
Swalla, BJ, CB Cameron, LS Corley & JR Garey (2000), Urochordates are monophyletic within deuterostomes. Sys. Biol. 49: 52-64. Larvacea, Urochordata
Sweet, WC & PCJ Donoghue (2001), Conodonts: past present, future. J. Paleontol. 75: 1174-1184. Conodonta, Ozarkodinida, Paraconodontida.
Szyndlar, Z (1994), Oligocene snakes of southern Germany. J. Vert. Paleontol. 14: 24-37. Aniliidae
Takuma, N, HZ Sheng, Y Furuta, JM Ward, K Sharma, BLM Hogan, SL Pfaff, H Westphal, S Kimura & KA Mahon (1998), Formation of Rathke's Pouch requires dual induction from the diencephalon. Development 125: 4835-4840. The Basisphenoid.
Tang, C & JH Pantel (2005), Combining morphometric and paleoecological analyses: Examining small-scale dynamics in species-level and community-level evolution. Pal. Elect. 8: 33A, 10 pp. WWW. Holopterygius.
Taquet, P (1998), Dinosaur Impressions: Postcards from a Paleontologist, K Padian (trans). Cambridge Univ. Press. 244 pp. Ouranosaurus
Tarduno, JA, DB Brinkman, PR Renne, RD Cottrell, H Scher, & P Castillo (1998), Evidence for extreme climatic warmth from Late Cretaceous arctic vertebrates. Science 282: 2241-2244. Neochoristodera.
Tarlo, LBH (1964), Psammosteiformes (Agnatha): a review with descriptions of new material from the Lower Devonian of Poland. I. General part. Paleontol. Pol. 13: 1-135. Drepanaspis, Guerichosteidae, Protaspididae, Psammolepis, Psammosteida, Psammosteidae, Pycnosteidae, Teeth.
Tarlo, LBH (1967), Agnatha, in WB Harland et al. (eds.), The Fossil Record, The Geological Society, pp.629-636. Craniate Overview.
Tarsitano, S & Riess, J (1982), Plesiosaur locomotion -- underwater flight versus rowing. N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh. 164: 193-194. Plesiosauria.
Tatarinov, LP (1968), Morphology and systematics of the northern Dvinia cynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida; Upper Permian). Postilla 126: 1-51. Dvinia.
Tatarinov, LP (1999), A new eotitanosuchid (Reptilia, Therapsida) from the Kazanian Stage (Upper Permian) of Udmurtia. Paleonotol. J. 33: 660-666. Eotitanosuchia.
Taverne, L (2000), Tselfatia formosa, téléostéen marin du Crétacé (Pisces, Actinopterygii), et la position systématique des Tselfatiiformes ou Bananogmiiformes. Geodiversitas 22: 5-22. Clupeocephala
Taylor, MA (1981), Plesiosaur rigging and ballasting. Nature 290: 628-9 Plesiosauria, Plesiosauroidea.
Taylor, MA (1986), Lifestyle of plesiosaurs. Nature 319: 179. Plesiosauria.
Taylor, MA (1992), Functional anatomy of the head of a large aquatic predator Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus (Plesiosauria: Reptilia) from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of Yorkshire, England. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 335: 247-280. Rhomaleosaurus.
Taylor, MA & ARI Cruickshank (1993), A plesiosaur from the Linksfield Erratic (Rhaetian, Upper Triassic) near Elgin, Morayshire. Scot. J. Geol. 29: 191-196. Eretmosaurus.
Tchernov, E, O Rieppel, H Zaher, MJ Polcyn & LL Jacobs (2000), A fossil snake with limbs. Science 287: 2010-2012. Aniliidae, Anomalepididae, Alethinophidia, Dinilysia, Leptotyphlopidae, Macrostomata, Pachyophiidae; Scolecophidia; Serpentes, Typhlopidae.
tenBerge, D, A Brouwer, J Korving, JF Martin & F Meijlink (1998) Prx1 and Prx2 in skeletogenesis: roles in the craniofacial region, inner ear and limbs. Development 125: 3831-3842. Meckel's Cartilage.
Testaz, S, A Jarov, KP Williams, LE Ling, VE Koteliansky, C Fournier-Thibault, & J-L Duband (2001), Sonic hedgehog restricts adhesion and migration of neural crest cells independently of the Patched- Smoothened-Gli signaling pathway. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 98: 12521–12526. Teeth
Thewissen, JGM (1998), Cetacean origins: evolutionary turmoil during the invasion of the oceans in JGM Thewissen [ed.], The Emergence of Whales, Plenum Press pp 451-464. Ambulocetidae, Cetacea, Pakicetidae, Protocetidae, Remingtonocetidae.
Thewissen, JGM & ST Hussain (1993), Origin of underwater hearing in whales. Nature 361: 444-445. Cetartiodactyla, Cetatea, Incus, Protocetidae.
Thewissen, JGM, EM Williams, LJ Roe & ST Hussain (2001), Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls. Nature 413: 277-281. Ambulocetidae, Artiodactyla, Basilosauridae, Basilosaurus, Cetartiodactyla, Cetatea, Pakicetidae, Protocetidae, Raoellidae, Remingtonocetidae, Sirenia.
Thies, D (1991), Palaeospinax, Synechodus and/or Paraorthacodus? The problem of palaeospinacid genera (Pisces, Neoselachii, Palaeospinacidae). N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh. 1991: 549-552. Synechodontiformes.
Thies, D (1993), Palaeospinax, Synechodus and/or Paraorthacodus. Is the problem of palaeospinacid genera (Pisces, Neoselachii) solved?. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh. 1993: 724-732. Synechodontiformes.
Thies, D (1995), Placoid scales (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Northern Germany. J. Vert. Paleontol. 15: 463-481. Synechodontiformes.
Tsuda Y, C Nishida-Umehara, J Ishijima, K Yamada & Y Matsuda (2007), Comparison of the Z and W sex chromosomal architectures in elegant crested tinamou (Eudromia elegans) and ostrich (Struthio camelus) and the process of sex chromosome differentiation in palaeognathous birds. Chromosoma 116: 159-173. Neornithes.
Tumanova, TA (2000), Armoured dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia, in Benton, MJ, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 517-532. Ankylosauria.
Turner, S (1997), Sequence of Devonian thelodont scale assemblages in East Gondwana, in G Klapper, MA Murphy & J Talent [eds.], Paleozoic sequence Stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and biogeography: studies in honor of Dr J. Granville ("Jess") Johnson. Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Amer. 321: 1-45. Turiniidae.