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Taxon Index

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Taxon Index: P-Z

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

-P-

  1. Pachycephalosauria X: Pachycephalosaurus > Triceratops
  2. Pachycephalosauridae X:  the classic bone-dome dinosaurs
  3. Pachycormiformes X: possibly the sister group of the teleosts, and probably the largest actinopterygians ever
  4. Pachygenelius X: a trithelodont cynodont from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and perhaps elsewhere
  5. Pachyophiidae X: a controversial family of Late Cretaceous aquatic snakes 
  6. Pachypleurosauridae X: small, Middle to Late Triassic aquatic lepidosauromorphs, cousins of the notosaurs
  7. Paenungulata: the part of Afrotheria that is morphologically sound -- elephants, sea cows, & hyraxes
  8. Pakicetidae X: the first cetaceans, from the Early Eocene of South Asia
  9. Palaeoryctidae X: very early (Cretaceous?) members of the shrew lineage ... maybe
  10. Palaeospinacidae X: Synechodus and others probably just outside the crown group of living sharks (Neoselachii)
  11. Paleognathae: ratites and their ancestors
  12. Paleorhinus X: a large, somewhat confused, genus of phytosaurs
  13. Panderichthys X: a well-known almost-tetrapod from the Late Devonian of the Baltics
  14. Paraconodontida X: very basal Cambrian conodonts
  15. Paralititan X: Josh Smith's giant Egyptian sauropod
  16. Parapternodontidae X: probably the sister group of living shrews, from the Eocene of North America
  17. Paraorthacodus X: a tooth genus of palaeospinacid sharks
  18. Parasemionotidae X: earliest (Triassic) and most basal family of halecomorph neopterygian fishes
  19. Parasuchus X: a phytosaur -- probably a synonym of Paleorhinus
  20. Parathrinaxodon X: a basal cynodont, possibly synonymous with Procynosuchus
  21. Paratypothorax X: a late surviving phytosaur
  22. Pareiasauria X: very large anapsid herbivores of the Permian -- possible turtle ancestors.
  23. Parvicursor X: a tiny, poorly known alvarezsaurid bird from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia
  24. Parvipelvia X: Jurassic ichthyosaurs and their Cretaceous descendants
  25. Passeriformes: perching songbirds
  26. Patagonykus X: an alvarezsaurid ?bird from the Late Cretaceous of South America 
  27. Patagopterygiformes X: a family of rather modern-looking ornithurine birds from the Early Cretaceous of South America and ?China
  28. Paucituberculata: rat opossums, South American marsupials
  29. Paulchoffatiidae X: the most basal multituberculates -- from the Late Jurassic of Europe. 
  30. Pelecaniformes: pelicans, frigate birds, and tropic birds. 
  31. Pelomedusidae: medium to large size freshwater aquatic turtles from Africa and South America  
  32. Pelomedusoidea: all derived pleurodire (side-necked) turtles, i.e. pelomedusids + podcnemoids
  33. Peloneustes X: a relatively small, squid-eating pliosaur from the Late Jurassic of Europe
  34. Pelorosaurus X: a poorly known, possibly non-existent, brachiosaurid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Europe
  35. Peramelina: bilbeys and bandicoots
  36. Perissodactyla: horses, rhinos & tapirs
  37. Petalichthyida X: a peculiar, hard-to-place group of placoderms from the Early Devonian
  38. Petalodontiformes X: indescribably weird-looking early chondrichthyans, e.g., Balantsea 
  39. Petromyzontiformes: lampreys
  40. Phacochoerini: wart hogs
  41. Phacochoerus: the extant African warthog
  42. Pharyngolepis X: a very basal anaspid from the Silurian of Europe
  43. Phasianidae: chickens, pheasants, peacocks, turkeys, etc
  44. Phlebolepis X: a relatively well-known and widely distributed Silurian katoporid thelodont
  45. Phlyctaenioidei X: a group of arthrodire placoderms
  46. Phoebodontidae X: broad-headed, blunt-snouted ctenacanthiform sharks from the Devonian to the Triassic
  47. Phoenicopteriformes: flamingos
  48. Pholiderpeton X: an odd, long-bodied Bashkirian embolomere from Scotland 
  49. Pholidogaster X: an earlier embolomere, also Scottish, with reduced limbs
  50. Pholidota: pangolins (armored eutherian mammals)
  51. Phthinosuchidae X: very poorly known, very basal therapsids from the Late Permian of Russia
  52. Phyllolepida X: large, late placoderms with terassed armor
  53. Physeteroidea: sperm whales and relatives
  54. PhytosauridaeX: big, gavial-like (but more terrestrial) proto-crocs from the Late Triassic
  55. Piciformes: woodpeckers & toucans
  56. Pistosaurus X: the sister of Plesiosauria -- and more than half-way between nothosaurs and plesiosaurs
  57. Pituriaspida X: a unique, but poorly known group of cephalaspid fishes from the Early Devonian of Australia
  58. Placerias X: a huge, well-known Kannemeyerid dicynodont from the Triassic of North America
  59. Placodermi X: placoderms
  60. Placodontia X: big, walrus-like sauropterygians from the Triassic of Europe.
  61. Plagiosauridae X: bizarre, crescent-headed temnospondyls (like Gerrothorax) from the Triassic of Europe and Greenland
  62. Plagiosauroidea X: Triassic temnospondyls with short, wide skulls and pustular ornamentation
  63. Plataleidae: ibis and spoonbills
  64. Plateosauridae X: European prosauropods of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic
  65. Platycraniellus X: a poorly known Early Triassic galesaurid cynodont from South Africa
  66. Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
  67. Plesiadapiformes X: Paleocene and Eocene mammals, the sister group of Primates
  68. Plesiopleurodon X: a pliosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of North America. 
  69. Plesiosauria X: all plesiosaurs and pliosaurs
  70. Plesiosauroidea X: the plesiosaurs -- small-headed, long-necked aquatic reptiles
  71. Plesiosaurus X: the best known plesiosaur, from the Early Jurassic of Europe
  72. Pleurodira: one of the two great turtle lineages, now restricted to Gondwanan lands
  73. Pleurosauridae X: Jurassic and Cretaceous marine rhynchocephalians, sister to the sphenodonts
  74. Pliosauridae X: Jurassic and Cretaceous pliosaurs with very large skulls
  75. Pliosauroidea X: all pliosaurs, shark-like aquatic reptiles of the Mesozoic.
  76. Pliosaurus X: a large pliosaurid from the Jurassic of Europe.
  77. Podicipediformes: grebes
  78. Podocnemidae: Fresh water turtles from South America. 
  79. Podcnemoidae: podcnemid turtles and their extinct bothremyid sister group.
  80. Poebrotherium X: the earliest of the Camelidae
  81. Polybranchiaspidida X: Devonian galeaspid fishes with many (10-45) gill openings
  82. Polybranchiaspidiformes X: a paraphyletic group of late (Devonian) galeaspid jawless fishes
  83. Polycotylidae X: a family of Cretaceous plesiosaurs, sister of the elasmosaurs
  84. Polycryptodira: living cryptodire (Gondwanan) turtles
  85. Polyosteorhynchus X: a Bear Gulch actinistian
  86. Polypteriformes: a strange living order of very basal actinopterygian fishes, including bichirs and reedfish
  87. Poposauridae X: a family of archosaurs wedged between the rauisuchids and the crocodylomorphs
  88. Porolepiformes X: Devonian sarcopterygian fishes, sister to either the lungfishes or the osteolepiforms
  89. Potamochoerini: the bush pig & giant forest hog of Africa
  90. Potamochoerus: bush pig
  91. Powichthys X: probably a very early lungfish (dipnomorph)
  92. Presbyornis X: a very important and succesful early duck/goose, known from the Cretaceous to the Late Eocene
  93. Presbyornithidae X: the family of Presbyornis 
  94. Prestosuchidae X: the most basal family on the croc side of the croc-dinosaur split.
  95. Priacodon X: a triconodont spanning the Jurassic-Cretaceous divide
  96. Primates: Anglican archbishops, monkeys, etc.
  97. Primatomorpha: monkeys > tree shrews? Originally defined as Dermoptera + Primates.
  98. Prioniodinida X: conodont group including the soft tissue fossil Promissum
  99. Prioniodontida X: conodonts with hairpin S-elements and more gracile P-elements
  100. Priscagamidae X: Late Cretaceous lizards on the agamid-chameleonid stem lineage
  101. Pristerodontia X  
  102. Pristidae
  103. Pristiophoridae
  104. Probainognathia
  105. Proboscidea
  106. Procellariiformes
  107. Procolophonia
  108. Procolophonidae X 
  109. Procolophonoidea X
  110. Proconodontidae X  
  111. Procynosuchidae X
  112. Procynosuchus X  
  113. Progalesaurus X
  114. Proganochelys X
  115. Prolacertiformes X
  116. Prosauropoda X
  117. Protaspididae X: Early Devonian heterostracan fishes, morphologically intermediate between pteraspids and psammosteids
  118. Protaspidoidea X: Devonian heterostracan fishes, sister group of the pteraspids and including protaspidids and psammosteids
  119. Proterochampsidae X: poorly known croc-like archisauriforms from the Middle and Late Triassic of West Gondwana
  120. Proterochersis X: the oldest known pleurodire turtle, from the Late Triassic of Europe
  121. Proterogyrinus X: an Early Carboniferous embolomere --  looks like a lizard, put together like an amphibian
  122. Proterosuchidae X: a short branch from the archosauriform tree that never went anywhere, with very odd rostra.
  123. Prothoosuchus X: might be the same as Thoosuchus, a trematosauroid temnospondyl from the Early Triassic of Russia 
  124. Protoceratopsidae X: the most basal ceratopsian dinosaurs
  125. Protocetidae: the first real radiation of whales
  126. Protopanderodontida X: a euconodont group, sister of the Prioniodontida, with a pair of incisor-like elements and a connected set of four pairs of relatively gracile (S?) elements
  127. Protopteraspididae X
  128. Protorothyrididae X
  129. Protospinax X  
  130. Protosuchia X
  131. Psammolepis X
  132. Psammosteida X 
  133. Psammosteidae X
  134. Psarolepis X: the most primitive sarcopterygian, from the Early Devonian of China
  135. Pseudictopidae X: poorly known fox-sized mammals, with trigonid much taller than talonid, from the Eocene of Central Asia
  136. Pseudopalatinae X: large, Late Triassic phytosaurs with a sagittal crest and orbits directed obliquely outwards and upwards
  137. Pseudopalatus X: a pseudopalatinine phytosaur closely related to Redondasaurus
  138. Psittaciformes: parrots
  139. Psittacosauridae X: a very basal family of ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Asia
  140. Pteraspidida X: pteraspidiforms (jawless fish group) with separate cornual plates and unfused dorsal shield
  141. Pteraspididae X: typical pteraspids with the long rostrum, lateral & dorsal spines and small scales
  142. Pteraspidiformes X: the dominant group of Siluro-Devonian heterostracan jawless fishes
  143. Pteraspidina X: a rather primitive group of pteraspidiforms
  144. Pteraspidomorphi X: "alternate vertebrates" from the Ordovician through Devonian, with little internal skeleton and no paired appendages
  145. Pterodactyloidea X: advanced pterosaurs from the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous with short tails and long necks, often with head crests and with teeth reduced or absent. 
  146. Pterosauria X: the pterosaurs
  147. Pterygolepis X: a Late Silurian anaspid (very primitive jawless fish)
  148. Ptyctodontida X: I once described ptyctodonts as looking like an upper class Englishman dressed for dinner.  I stand by that description.
  149. Pycnodontiformes X: deep-bodied, durophagous halecostome fishes from the Triassic to Eocene
  150. Pycnosteidae X: deeply-keeled psammosteids from the Middle and Late Devonian of Europe
  151. Pythonomorpha: mosasaurs + snakes

    -Q-

  152. Quaesitosaurus X: a Mongolian sauropod and close relative of Nemegtosaurus. 

    -R-

  153. Rajiformes: extant rays
  154. Raoellidae X: an Eocene group of basal suines
  155. Rapetosaurus X: "the most complete titanosaur yet discovered" from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
  156. Ratites: ostrich, emu, cassowary, kiwis, moas and various others
  157. Rauisuchia: Rauisuchus > Aetosaurus -- easy to define, but very uncertain what it incudes
  158. Rauisuchidae X: serious competitors of the early theropod dinosaurs
  159. Rauisuchiformes: probably includes all but the most basal crurotarsans
  160. Rebbachisauridae X: a poorly known, but perhaps widely-spread group of Cretaceous diplodocomorphs
  161. Rebbachisaurus X: yet another poorly-known basal Gondwanan diplodocomorph
  162. Redondasuchus X: a rather non-descript North American aetosaur
  163. Remingtonocetidae X: the first clearly aquatic members of the whale lineage
  164. Reptilia
  165. Reptilomorpha  
  166. Rhabdoderma X: a Carboniferous actinistian from Britain  
  167. Rhabdodon  X  
  168. Rhabdosteidae X  
  169. Rhamphorhynchoidea X: a group of long-tailed Jurassic pterosaurs with long, pointed jaws
  170. Rhenanida X: a strange group of ray-like placoderms
  171. Rhinatrematidae: a family of caecilians with more open skulls than most
  172. Rhinesuchidae X: a key group of large, Permo-Triassic temnospondyls from South Africa
  173. Rhinesuchus X: an early member of the family
  174. Rhipidistia: a big group of more derived sarcopterygians, with membership changing over the years.
  175. Rhizodontiformes X  
  176. Rhomaleosauridae X: a group of big-headed Jurassic pliosaurs with spatulate skulls
  177. Rhomaleosaurus X: a speciose genus of this family
  178. Rhynchocephalia: Sphenodon > snakes
  179. Rhyncholepidida X: a group of Silurian jawless fishes, part of the anaspid radiation
  180. Rhynchosauria X
  181. Rhytidosteidae X
  182. Riebeeckosaurus X  
  183. Riojasaurus X  
  184. Riojasuchus X  
  185. Rodentia: rodents, of course
  186. Ruminantia: giraffes, deer & bovines
  187. Rutiodon X  a typical Carnian phytosaur
  188. Rutiodontinae X: large phytosaurs with rounded skulls and laterally-facing eyes

    -S-

  189. Salmoniformes: salmon and osmeroid fishes
  190. Saltasaurinae X: advanced, armored titanosaurs of the Late Cretaceous
  191. Saltasaurus X: a small member of the above family
  192. Sanitheriidae X: a small family of suoids from the first half of the Miocene.
  193. Sarcopterygii: fishes with paired fins with a single basal and muscular lobes, cosmine scales, and enamelled on teeth -- including us. 
  194. Sarcosuchus X: Paul Sereno's big croc, from the middle Cretaceous of Africa
  195. Sauria: archosaurs + lepidosaurs
  196. Saurichthyidae X: sort of proto-pike -- long, skinny fishes of the Early Mesozoic
  197. Saurischia: birds > Triceratops  
  198. Sauropoda X: giant herbivorous dinosaurs
  199. Sauropodomorpha X: the stem group of sauropods: titanosaur > titmouse
  200. Sauroposeidon X: Brachiosaurus on steroids; possibly the largest terrestrial vertebrate of all time
  201. Sauropsida: snakes > St. Patrick
  202. Sauropterygia X: placodonts + plesiosaurs
  203. Saurosuchus X: a huge prestosuchid 
  204. Scandentia: tree shrews
  205. Scelidosauridae X: a family of Jurassic ankylosauromorphs
  206. Scincomorpha: skinks
  207. Scleroglossa: all lizards and snakes except the Iguania
  208. Scleromochlus X:  
  209. Sclerorhynchidae X: Mostly Late Cretaceous chondrichthyans intermediate between sawfish & rays.
  210. Scolecophidia: "blind snakes," tiny, very basal snakes.
  211. Scopelomorpha: blackchins and lanternfishes
  212. Scutellosaurus X: a small, Tithonian dinosaur, sister of the Thyreophoran group.
  213. Sebecosuchidae X: an interesting, poorly known group of early Cenozoic South American crocodiles.
  214. Selenodontia: all artiodactyls who aren't pigs.
  215. Selmacryptodira: all cryptodire turtles except Kayentachelys.
  216. Semionotiformes X: an important group of helecostome fishes through the entire Mesozoic.
  217. Serpentes: all snakes
  218. Serpianosaurus X: a rather nothosaur-like pachypleurosaur from the Middle Triassic of Europe
  219. Seymouriamorpha X: Permian competitors of the amniotes.
  220. Shastasauria X: the latest and greatest of the Triassic ichthyosaurs
  221. Shielia X: perhaps the most gnathostome-like of all thelodonts, from the Wenlock of Europe
  222. Shuvuuia X : a flightless alvarezsaurid protobird from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia, with a well-preserved skull
  223. Siberiaspidoidei X: jawless amphiaspid fishes from the Early Devonian of Siberia, perhaps with two lateral line systems
  224. Siluriphysi: cat fishes, electric eels, and close relatives
  225. Simoedosauridae X: an obscure group of champsosaurs
  226. Simolestes X: a poorly known rhomaleosaurid pliosaur from the Early Jurassic
  227. Simosaurus X: somewhat intermediate between pachypleurosaurs and nothosaurs
  228. Sinamiidae X: Early Cretaceous neopterygian fishes, sister of the Amiidae
  229. Sinolepidae X: early antiarch placoderms with big, squarish heads
  230. Sinraptoridae X: a well known basal allosauroid group from the Late Jurassic of China. 
  231. Sirenia: manatees & dugongs.
  232. Sirenidae: the crown group of living salamanders
  233. Smilosuchus X  
  234. Solenodontidae: a tiny group of Carribean shrew-like insectivores  
  235. Solnhofenamia X: Late Jurassic amiid fishes from Germany & France
  236. Somphospondylii X: Titanosaurs and their older cousins
  237. Sonorasaurus X: a middle Cretaceous brachiosaurid from North America. 
  238. Soricidae: shrews
  239. Soricinae: Northern Hemisphere shrews with pigmented teeth and very high metabolic rates
  240. Soricoidea: shrews > moles
  241. Soricomorpha: shrews > hedgehogs  
  242. Spalacotheriidae X: a small group of late "acute angle symmetrodonts." from China and North America.
  243. Spalacotheroidea X: possible mammals, including essentially all of the later "symmetrodonts"
  244. Spathicephalus X: a shovel-headed Carboniferous proto-baphetid known from both sides of the Atlantic.
  245. Sphenacodon X: an Early Permian "pelycosaur" -- close relative of Dimetrodon, but without the sailback fin.
  246. Sphenacodontia: Dimetrodon + Marilyn Monroe
  247. Sphenacodontidae X: Big sail-back carnivorous pelycosaurs and relatives. The dominant carnivores of the Early Permian. 
  248. Sphenisciformes: penguins
  249. Sphenodontidae: clevosaurs and tuataras (Sphenodon).
  250. Sphenodontinae: Sphenodon + Eilenodon?
  251. Sphenosuchia X: paraphyletic group of all basal crocodylomorphs
  252. Sphenosuchidae X: erect, bipedal, terrestrial sphenosuchids of the Triassic and Jurassic
  253. Squalea: modern rays, skates, and non-galeomorph sharks
  254. Squalodontidae X: a family of dolphin-like whales from the Oligocene and Miocene
  255. Squalodontoidea X: rather small, early modern whales with long rostra and shark-like teeth.
  256. Squalomorpha
  257. Squamata: lizards and snakes
  258. Squatinactida X: a skate-like group of Carboniferous sharks
  259. Squatinidae: angel sharks
  260. Stagonolepis X: an aetosaur from the Late Triassic of Europe and North America
  261. Stegosauria X: Stegosaurus > Ankylosaurus  
  262. Stegosauridae X: all stegosaurs except the basal Chinese forms
  263. Stegosaurinae X: the most specialized stegosaurs
  264. Stegosaurus X: the famous plate-backed dinosaur of North America
  265. Stenomylinae: X  
  266. Stenopterygii: Mostly weird, deep-sea fishes, often with photophores and huge mouths
  267. Stenopterygius X: a Jurassic ichthyosaur similar to Ichthyosaurus  
  268. Stereognathus X: one of the last basal cynodonts, from the Middle Jurassic of Europe
  269. Stereospondyli X: all stereosponylomorphs except the Permian archegosauroids
  270. Stereospondylomorpha X: a large group including most Mesozoic temnospondyls and some close relatives
  271. Stethacanthidae X: best-known of the paleozic sharks (Symmoriida) with an elaborate head-dress
  272. Sthenarosaurus X: an Early Juassic elasmosaur of uncertain affinities
  273. Strepsirhini: lemurs, lorises, indri, and related forms
  274. Strigiformes: owls
  275. Strunius X: a basal sarcopterygian fish which looks a lot like an actinopterygian
  276. Struthiocephalus X a Guadalupian tapinocephalid -- not as hideous as most
  277. Struthioniformes: ostriches
  278. Styloichthys: X: the sister of Rhipidistia (tetrapods + lungfish)  
  279. Styracocephalus X: a basal dinocephalian therapsid, from the Guadalupian of South Africa
  280. Suchia: aetosaurs + alligators
  281. Suidae: pigs > peccaries
  282. Suina: pigs, hippos & extenct relatives
  283. Suinae: crown group of living suids
  284. Suini: Sus scrofa, the domestic pig, and very close relatives
  285. Suoidea: same as Suina, but without the oreodonts
  286. Sus: the domestic pig and its congenerics
  287. Symmetrodonta: by our reckoning, Kuehneotheriids + mammals
  288. Symmoriida X: symmoriid and stethacanthid sharks
  289. Symmoriidae X: symmoriid sharks with a single dorsal fin and well-developed claspers
  290. Synapsida: Darwin > Darwin's finches, from pelycosaurs to people.
  291. Synechodontiformes X: the Mesozoic sister group of the Neoselachii (living sharks)
  292. Synechodus X: the former Palaeospinax, about halfway from hybodonts to galeomorphs, from the Triassic to Eocene.
  293. Syodon X: a small anteosaur with a large pineal foramen, from the Permian of Russia.
  294. Syodontidae X: a family od smallish Late Permian anteosaurs known from both Russia and South Africa

    -T-

  295. Talpoidea: moles
  296. Tapinocaninus X: a very large tapinocephalid therapsid from the Middle Permian of South Africa
  297. Tapinocephalia X: the herbivorous half of the dinocephalian lineage of Permian therapsids
  298. Tapinocephalidae X: specialized tapinocephalians with swollen cranial bones and interdigitating teeth.
  299. Tapinocephalus X: a big, robust therapsid which gave its name to the famous Tapinocephalus Zone of the Middle Permian Karoo.
  300. Tarsiiformes: tarsirs
  301. Tarjadia: X
  302. Tayassuidae: peccaries
  303. Teleosauridae X: Jurassic and Cretaceous crocs, marine but only minimally adapted for aquatic life
  304. Teleostei: the teleost fishes
  305. Teleostomi: the huge group uniting bony fish and acanthodians
  306. Telmabates X: an Eocene presbyornithid duck from South America
  307. Temnodontosaurus X: a 9m ichthyosaur with the largest eye of any vertebrate and a key transitional genus between Triassic and Jurassic ichthyosaurs
  308. Temnospondyls X: a large and succesful group of primitive amphibians from the Early Carboniferous to the Cretaceous.
  309. Tenontosauridae X: some rather late hypsilophodont-like iguanodonts
  310. Tenontosaurus X: a basal iguanodont from the middle Cretaceous of North America 
  311. Tenrecoidea: tenrecs (endemic African shrew relatives)
  312. Terminonaris X: a very big croc from the Cretaceous of North America
  313. Testudines: turtles  
  314. Tetanurae: all theropods except the ceratosaurs
  315. Tetraceratops X: either a very primitive therapsid or an aberrant pelycosaur  
  316. Tetraconodontinae X: Miocene-Pliocene pigs often used in dating hominid localities
  317. Tetrapoda: see explanation at "What is a Tetrapod?"
  318. Tetrapoda*: see explanation at "What is a Tetrapod?"
  319. Tetrapodomorpha: lizards > lungfish
  320. Teviornis X: a Late Cretaceous duck from Mongolia
  321. Thalassiodracon X: a rather plesiosaur-like pliosaur from the Triassic and Jurassic of England
  322. Thaliacea: Salps. Free-living urochordates morphologically like Ascidiacean adults  
  323. Thalattosuchia X: highly marine-adapted late Mesozoic & early Cenozoic crocs.
  324. Thecodontosaurus X: a small, very early prosauropod dinosaur.
  325. Thelodonti: paraphyletic, very diverse group of small Paleozoic jawless fishes with small scales
  326. Thelodontida X  
  327. Thelodontidae X  
  328. Therapsida  
  329. Thereudontidae X
  330. Theria
  331. Theriodontia
  332. Therizinosauridae X
  333. Therizinosauroidea X 
  334. Therocephalia X
  335. Theropoda: carnivorous dinosaurs and birds
  336. Thescelosaurus X: a small hypsilophodont dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous
  337. Thoosuchinae X: trematosauroid temnospondyls, in fact possibly sysnonymous with Trematosaurus, from the Early Triassic of Russia
  338. Thoosuchus X: differs from Trematosaurus only in details of the squamosal
  339. Thrinaxodon X: a famous mammal-like cynodont from the Early Triassic of South Africa
  340. Thunnosauria X: aptly named "tuna lizards" -- strongly fish-like ichthyosaurs from the late Mesozoic.
  341. Thyestiida X: almost finless, tadpole-like osteostracans from the Late Silurian and Early Devonian of Europe
  342. Thyreophora X: stegosaurs, ankylosaurs and their stem group
  343. Ticinosuchus X: a very terrestrial prestosuchid from the Middle Triassic of Europe
  344. Tinamiformes: tinamous, living quail-like paleognathous flyers
  345. Tinodontidae X: a common tooth taxon of mainly Jurassic spalacotheroid symmetrodont mammals
  346. Titanophoneus X: the largest of the anteosaurs, a top predator of Late Permian Russia
  347. Titanosauria X: the last and probably largest and longest-living group of sauropods
  348. Titanosauridae X: a big family containing all the "traditional" titanosaurs
  349. Titanosauriformes X: Titanosaurus + Brachiosaurus
  350. Titanosaurus X: a remarkably scrappy sauropod, considering its fame, from the Late Cretaceous of India.
  351. Titanosuchidae X: a rather messy group of tapinocephalian therapsids from the Middle Permian of South Africa
  352. Titanosuchus X: the standard-bearer of the titanosuchidae.
  353. Tomistominae X: the "false gharial" of SE Asia
  354. Torpedinidae: the electric rays
  355. Torpediniformes: the two main families of electric rays
  356. Torvosauroidea X: spinosaurs and bunch of other basal theropods
  357. Toxodontia X: pig, hippo, and perhaps elephant analogs of the South American Paleogene ungulate radiation.
  358. Trematosauria X: Trematosaurus > Parotosuchus
  359. Trematosauridae X: specialized long-snouted fish-eaters of the Early Triassic, the only temnospondyls to adopt a marine existence
  360. Trematosauroidea X: Large, gharial-like forms with elongated rostrums, probably specialized for catching fish.
  361. Trematosaurus X: the name-sake of these clades.
  362. Trialestidae X: small, lightly built crodylomorphs with elongate limbs and digitigrade feet, from the Late Triassic of South America
  363. Tricleidia X: the last and most derived of the plesiosaurs
  364. Tricleidus X: a Late Jurassic plesiosaur of the above group
  365. Triconodonta X: carnivorous, cat-sized Mesozoic mammals who branched off after the marsupials, but well before placentals and marsupials
  366. Triconodontidae X: Jurassic European and Cretaceous North American triconodonts
  367. Triisodontidae X: the largest mammals of the Paleocene
  368. Trilophosauridae X: a very strange, herbivorous archosauromorph from the Triassic of Texas (one of personal favorites)
  369. Trioracodon X: a triconodont which appears to bridge the gap between Jurassic European and Cretaceous North American groups.
  370. Tristichopteridae X: a family of very large Middle and Late Devonian osteolepiforms
  371. Trithelodontidae X: sister of the mammaliforms ... perhaps.
  372. Tritylodon X: a Late Triassic or Early Triassic cynognathian cynodont from South Africa
  373. Tritylodontidae X: the other possible candidate for mammaliform sister group
  374. Troodontidae X: a family of weird Cretaceous dinosaurs quite close to the birds
  375. Tropiduridae: a family of iguanuan lizards with big tails and coarse scales
  376. Tubulidentata: aardvarks and their aancestors.
  377. Turiniidae X: a family of thelodont fishes that did very well in Devonian Gondwana
  378. Typhlopidae: a family of small to medium-sized, primitive, fossorial snakes
  379. Typotheria X: South American analogue of the rodents, Paleocene to Pleistocene
  380. Typothorax X: Advanced large broad-bodied aetosaur from the Late Triassic of North America.
  381. Tyrannosauridae X: Tyrannosaurus + Aublysodon
  382. Tyrannosaurinae X: Tyrannosaurus + Albertosaurus + Gorgosaurus
  383. Tyrannosaurini X: Tyrannosaurus > (Albertosaurus and Gorgosaurus), including Daspletosaurus and Tarbosaurus as well as the infamous Tyrannosaurus. 
  384. Tyrannosauroidea X: Tyrannosaurus > tiny birds (or any bird, for that matter), including the whole Cretaceous clade from Eotyrannus to Tyrannosaurus.

    -U-

  385. Ulemosaurus X: a grotesque and primitive tapinocephalid therapsid from the Late Permian of Russia
  386. Umbra: the mudminnows
  387. Ungulata: the whole modern ungulate clan, used here as horses + cows.
  388. Ungulatomorpha: the ungulate stem group, cows > cats.
  389. Uranocentradon X: a fairly large and flatheaded rhinesuchid temnospondyl from the Permo-Triassic boundary in South Africa.
  390. Urochordata: an ancient group of marine suspension feeders with chordate characters in the larval stage.
  391. Urodela: salamanders
  392. Uropeltidae: "shield-tail snakes"
  393. Utatsusaurus X: the most primitive known ichthyosaurian, from the Early Triassic of Japan & Canada

    -V-

  394. Varanidae: varanid lizards, including the Komodo dragon, the monitor lizards, etc.
  395. Varanodontinae X: an interesting family of very early, very primitive synapsid "pelycosaurs" from the Permo-Carboniferous
  396. Varanoidea 
  397. Varanops X
  398. Varanopseidae X 
  399. Velosauria X
  400. Venaticosuchus X: a long-legged ornithosuchid archosaur from the Late Triassic of South America
  401. Venenosaurus X:  a middle Cretaceous sauropod from Utah, one possible sister of the Titanosauria
  402. Venyukovioidea X: small-headed anomodont therapsids, basal to the dromasaurs and dicynodonts
  403. Vertebrata: lampreys + gnathostomes: forms with at least some restriction of the notochord.
  404. Vidalamiinae X: big, nasty-looking amiid fishes from the Cretaceous to Eocene of Africa and South America
  405. Viperidae: adders, vipers, & copperheads
  406. Viperinae: "pitless" viperids
  407. Vulcanodontidae X: likely a poly- and/or paraphyletic group of very primitive sauropods
  408. Vulturides: teratorns & New World vultures, condors.

    -W-

  409. Wuerhosaurus X: the sister genus of Stegosaurus, from the Early Cretaceous of China

    -X-

  410. Xenacanthida X: Permo-Carboniferous fresh water sharks 
  411. Xenarthra: armadillos, anteaters & sloths
  412. Xenocretosuchus X: a late tritylodont cynodont with moderately-well-developed molar-like cusps

    -Y-

  413. Yarengia X: an obsucure Early Triassic trematosaurian temnospondyl
  414. Younginiformes X: Medium-sized lizard-like Permo-Triassic diaspids, some forms very aquatic, closely related to the Sauria and to ichthyosaurs.
  415. Youngolepis X: a very early member of the lungfish lineage, from the Early Devonian of China
  416. Yunnanodon X: an Early Jurassic cynodont
  417. Yunnanolepidae X: Small, very primitive South China antiarch placoderms from the Early Devonian
  418. Yunnanolepidoidei X: Early Devonian Chinese antiarch placoderms with short, wide heads 
  419. Yunnanosaurus X: a remarkably late (Pliensbachian) prosauropod from China
  420. Yuzhoupliosaurus X: a Middle Jurassic rhomaleosaurid from China, known only from a mandible. 

    -Z-

  421. Zalambdalestidae X: well-known, but poorly understood, early Eutherian mammals from the Asian Cretaceous
  422. Zenaspidida X: a family of cornuate cephalaspids with particularly massive headshield, from the Devonian.
  423. Zephyrosaurinae X: a small group of small dinosaurs -- North American hypsilophodonts
  424. Zhelestidae X: a (paraphyletic?) group of earliest ungulatomorphs.
  425. Zopherosuchus X: a small dinocephalian therapsid with thickened skull from the Middle & Late Permian of Russia.

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