Palæos:		Unit 460: Insectivora
The Vertebrates		250 Erinaceinae

Insectivora: Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceinae

Hedgehogs 

EUTHERIA
|--Insectivora
|  |--Chrysochloroidea
|  `--+--Erinaceomorpha 
|     |  |--Hylomyinae
|     |  `--Erinaceinae
|     `--Soricomorpha
|        |--Tenrecoidea
|        `--+--Solenodontidae   
|           `--+--Talpoidea
|              `--Soricoidea
|                 |--Apternodontidae
|                 `--Soricidae  
|                    |--Crocidurinae
|                    `--Soricinae
`--+--+--ANAGALIDA 
   |  `--ARCHONTA
   `--+--FERAE
      `--UNGULATOMORPHA    

Taxa on This Page

1. Erinaceinae

Erinaceinae: (hedgehogs) Atelerix, Erinaceus, Hemiechinus, Mesechinus, Paraechinus

Range: Europe, North Africa, Russia & South Asia.

Phylogeny: Erinaceomorpha: Hylomyinae + *.

Characters: rostrum short (< 35% skull length) [F+91$]; nasals reaching level of orbital rim [F+91$]; frontal at least slightly inflated [F+91$]; antorbital fossa absent [F+91$]; lacrimal foramen visible in lateral view, with anterior flange poorly developed [F+91]; suboptic foramen reaches medial wall of "sphenorbital transverse torus" [F+91$?]; "sphenopalatine foramen decidedly posterodorsal to palatine transverse torus" [F+91$]; jugal small, reaching posteroventral process of zygomatic arch, but not reaching lacrimal [F+91$?]; squamosal, zygomatic process elevated [F+91$]; postglenoid foramen confluent with glenoid [F+91$]; paroccipital process robust [F+91$]; occipital condyle not emarginated [F+91$]; hearing acute [N99]; suprameatal fossa present [F+91$]; ectotympanic broad [F+91$]; stapedial fossa adjacent to postglenoid foramen [F+91$]; epitympanic recess formed by mastoid [F+91$]; basisphenoid with deep, distinctive nasopharyngeal fossa [F+91$]; alisphenoid, orbital wing, with anterior process [F+91$]; palatine, anterior foramina elongated to include middle foramina [F+91$]; I2 ≤ I3 [F+91$]; I3 with 2, separate roots [F+91$]; i1 absent [F+91$]; i2 much larger than other incisors [F+91$]; C1 same size as adjacent teeth [F+91$]; P3 with well-developed lingual lobe [F+91$?]; p3 absent [F+91$?]; M1 lingual roots largely fused [F+91$]; M3 with 2 roots [F+91$]; M3 hypocone & metacone absent [F+91$]; m3 talonid absent [F+91$]; axis neural spine low [F+91$?]; axis without posteroventral keel [F+91]; sacral vertebrae not fused into longitudinal plate [F+91$] [2]; scapula, metacromion process deltoid & amorphous [F+91$?]; ischium without elongate posteroventral process [F+91]; tibia without strongly developed lateral flange [F+91]; barbless spines (adults have an average of 5000) on back & flanks [F+91$] [N99]; with rest of body covered in coarse hair [N99] [V+00]; mm panniculus carnosus well developed to raise spines [V+00]; nocturnal insectivore/carnivores [N99] [V+00]; commonly climb and swim reasonably well, but ambulate slowly [N99]; heterothermy and torpor or hibernation common [N99] [V+00];  characteristic defensive behavior (curling into ball & erecting spines) [N99]; common distress vocalizations, including snake-like hiss & loud cry [N99].  

Note: [1] range expanding northward in Russia and Scandinavia, but range also expanding in Iran.  See abstract at Zoology in the.  [2] Frost et al. [F+91] contradicts themselves here, stating both that the sacrals are and are not fused in erinaceines.  Unfused sacrals seem more probable from context, if less probable from a functional standpoint (more heavily armored forms typically do have fused sacrals).   

Image: Atelerix & Hylomys skulls in left lateral view.  Modified from [F+91].

Links: APUS.RU | Еж даурский (Russian: natural history, with an interesting note that its range in Russia is expanding northwards); Erinaceinae (Mikko's phylogeny); Stacheligel (German: mostly diversity and reproduction); Eurasian Insectivores and Tree Shrews - Status Survey and ... (diversity & distribution); Erinaceidae Family (ADW: very good genus level coverage of natural history, habits, ecology and some anatomy);  Aus dem Institut für Pathologie der Tierärztlichen Hochschule ... (hedgehog pathology and veterinary medicine); Wild Natures - Homepage (OK, we admit that this has nothing to do with hedgehogs -- but wouldn't it be fun?); Olga V. Zherebtsova. Spiny cover and defence strategy of mammals ... (an interesting little article on the use of spines as defense in various mammals); ZOOGDIEREN (a little natural history, but mostly etymology); Taxonomy browser (Erinaceinae) (NCBI); hedgehog (mostly species accounts and links).

References: Frost et al. (1991) [F+91]; Nowak (1999) [N99]; Vaughan et al. (2000) [V+00].  ATW030726.   

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