Palæos:		Unit 510: Ungulatomorpha
The Vertebrates		References

Ungulatomorpha: References

EUTHERIA
|--INSECTIVORA 
`--+--+--ANAGALIDA   
   |  `--ARCHONTA
   `--+--FERAE
      `--Ungulatomorpha
         |--ALTUNGULATA
         `--Eparctocyona
            |--+--Arctostylopida
            |  `--+--Mesonychia
            |     `--CETARTIODACTYLA  
            `--Bulbulodentata
               |--Hyopsodontidae
               `--Meridiungulata
                  |--Litopterna
                  `--Notoungulata
                     |--Toxodontia
                     `--Typotheria

Averianov, AO (2000), Mammals from the Mesozoic of Kirgizstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tadzhikistan in MJ Benton, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 627-652. Zhelestidae

Bergqvist, LP (1996), Phylogenetic analysis of South American ungulates and North American "Condylarths" based on postcranial characters. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 22A [abstract]

Carroll, RL (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co., 698 pp. Didolodontidae, Litopterna, Notostylopidae, Notoungulata.

Cerdeño, E & M Bond (1998), Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of Paedotherium and Tremacyllus (Pachyrukhinae, Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Late Miocene to the Pleistocene of Argentina. J. Vert Paleontol. 18: 799-811.  Typotheria.

Cifelli, RL (1983), The origin and affinities of the South American Condylarthra and early Tertiary Litopterna (Mammalia). Am. Mus. Nov. 772:1-49.  Didolodontidae, Didolodus, Litopterna.

Cifelli, RL (1985), South American ungulate evolution and extinction, in SD Webb & FG Stehli [eds.], The Great American Biotic Interchange. Plenum Publ. Co., pp. 249-266. Didolodontidae, Henricosborniidae, Litopterna, Notoungulata, Notostylopidae, Typotheria.  

Cifelli, RL (1993), The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates in FS Szalay, MJ Novacek & MC McKenna [eds.], Mammal Phylogeny. Springer-Verlag 2: 195-216.  Didolodontidae, Litopterna, Notoungulata, Notostylopidae, Typotheria.  

Cifelli, RL & J Guerrero (1997), Litopterns, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 289-302.

Cifelli, RL & C Villarroel (1997), Paleobiology and affinities of Megadolodus, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 265-288.  Notoungulata.  

deMuizon, C & RL Cifelli (2000), The "condylarths" (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the Early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of South American ungulates. Geodiversitas 22: 47-150. WWW.  Didolodontidae, Didolodus, Litopterna, Ungulata, Ungulatomorpha, Zhelestidae

deMuizon C, RL Cifelli & LP Bergqvist (1998), Eutherian tarsals from the early Paleocene of Bolivia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 18: 655-663. Didolodontidae

Dozo, MT (1996), Endocranial casts of Hegetotheriidae Notoungulates: a case of neuromorphological convergence between extinct south american ungulates and living rodents. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16: 31A.  Meridiungulata, Typotheria.

Flynn, JJ, DA Croft, R Charrier, G Hérail & AR Wyss (2002), The first Cenozoic mammal fauna from the Chilean Altiplano. J. Vert Paleontol. 22: 200-206.

Gabbert, SL (2004), The basicranial and posterior cranial anatomy of the families of the Toxodontia in GC Gould & SK Bell [eds.], Tributes to Malcolm C. McKenna : His Students, His Legacy.  Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 177-190 (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. #285: 177-190). WWW

Gheerbrant, E, J Sudre, M Iarochene & A Moumni (2001), First ascertained African "condylarth" mammals (primitive ungulates: c.f. Bulbulodentata and c.f. Phenacodonta) from the Earliest Ypresian of the Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco.  J. Vert. Paleontol. 21: 107-118.  Meridiungulata.  

Johnson, SC & RH Madden (1997), Uruguayatheriine astrapotheres of tropical South America, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 355-381.

Kielan-Jaworowska, Z, MJ Novacek, BA Trofimov & D Dashzeveg (2000), Mammals from the Mesozoic of Mongolia, in MJ Benton, MA Shshkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 573-626. Zhelestidae.

Maas, MC (1997), Enamel microstructure in notoungulates, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 319-334.  Notostylopidae.

Madden, RH (1997), A new toxodontid notoungulate, in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press: pp. 335-354.

McKenna, MC (1956), Survival of primitive notoungulates and condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia. Amer. J. Sci. 254: 736-743.  Notoungulata.  

Patterson B (1977), A primitive pyrothere (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Early Tertiary of northwestern Venezuela. Fieldiana Geol. 33: 397-422. Notoungulata.  

Shoshani, J & MC McKenna (1998), Higher taxonomic relationships among extant mammals based on morphology, with selected comparisons of results from molecular data. Mol. Phylog. & Evol. 9: 572-584. Eparctocyona, Ungulata

Simpson, GG (1948), The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part 1. Introduction. Systematics: Marsupialia, Edentata, Condylarthra, Litopterna and Notioprogonia. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 91: 1-232. Didolodontidae, Didolodus, Henricosborniidae, Litopterna, Notostylopidae, Notoungulata. 

Villarroel, C & JC Danis (1997), A new leontiniid notoungulate in RF Kay et al. [eds.], Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Inst. Press pp. 303-318. Notoungulata.  

Zack, SP (2004), An Early Eocene arctostylopid (Mammalia: Arctostylopida) from the Green River Basin, Wyoming.  J. Vert. Paleontol. 24: 498:501.  Arctostylopida.  

Zack, SP, TA Penkrot, JI Bloch & KD Rose (2005), Affinities of ‘hyopsodontids’ to elephant shrews and a Holarctic origin of Afrotheria.  Nature 434: 497-501.  Hyopsodontidae.  

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