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Contents |
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The Vertebrates |
Contents |
Unit References |
Unit Cladogram |
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| 000 Introduction 100 Summary Cladogram 200 Intermediate Level Cladograms 200 Chordata 220 Gnathostomata 240 Actinopterygii |
260 Sarcopterygii 280 Reptilomorpha 300 Archosauromorpha 320 Theropoda 340 Synapsida 360 Mammalia |
Units marked with an asterisk are placeholders and contain little material.
10: Chordata: tunicates,
amphioxus, Haikouella
20: Craniata: hagfish
and the first vertebrates
30: Conodonta*: vertebrate
conodonts
40: Pteraspidomorphi: the other
vertebrate lineage
50: Thelodonti:
theolodonts, galeaspids and osteostracans
60: Placodermi:
placoderms
70: Chondrichthyes:
early sharks and living holocephalians
80: Neoselachii: living sharks,
skates & rays
90: Teleostomi: acanthodians, Cheirolepis,
bichirs, sturgeons
100: Neopterygii: gars, Amia
110: Teleostei*: the first
"advanced" fishes
120: Euteleostei*: carp,
catfish, salmon, pike, deep benthic fish
130: Acanthomorpha*: tuna,
bass, flounder, cod, and cichlids, among many others
140: Sarcopterygii: lobe-finned fish
150: Tetrapoda: the
transition to land
160: Temnospondyli: the
temnospondyls
170: Lepospondyli: small Paleozoic
amphibians
180: Lissamphibia: living
amphibians
190: Reptilomorpha:
anthracosauroids, embolomeres, seymouriamorphs, diadectids
200: Anapsida: bolosaurs, pareiasaurs, and
(probably) turtles.
210: Eureptilia: Early diapsids and
ichthyosaurs
220: Lepidosauromorpha:
plesiosaurs and related marine reptiles
230: Rhynchocephalia: Sphenodon and
relatives
240: Squamata: iguanas, agamids and
chameleons
250: Scleroglossa: skinks, gekkos,
varanids and other derived lizards
260: Pythonomorpha: mosasaurs and
snakes
270: Archosauromorpha: rhynchosaurs
poposurs, rauisuchids, and other oddballs
290: Crocodylomorpha: crocodiles and
their ancestors
300: Pterosauria: pterodactyls
310: Dinosauromorpha: the first dinosaurs
320: Ornithischia: stegosaurs,
ankylosaurs, hadrosaurs and Triceratops.
330: Sauropodomorpha: sauropods
340: Theropoda: carnivorous dinosaurs
350: Aves: early birds
360: Galloanserae: chickens, ducks
(possible parent of charadriomorphs)
365: Charadriomorpha: cranes, vultures,
flamingos and shore birds
370 Gruimorpha: grebes, hawks, owls
& coockoos
380: Passeriformes*: song birds
390: Synapsida: the pelycosaurs, e.g.
Dimetrodon
400: Therapsida: Biarmosuchids,
Dinocephalians, Dicynodonts, Gorgonopsians & Therocephalians
410: Cynodontia: cynognaths,
tritylodonts, tritylodonts and other furry things that weren't mammals
420: Mammaliformes: multituberculates, Morganucodon,
Hadrocodium, and kuehneotheriids
430: Mammalia: Monotremes and Mesozoic
mammals
440: Metatheria*: marsupials
450: Eutheria: basal placental
mammals
460: Insectivora: shrews,
hedgehogs, tenerecs, etc.
470: Anagalida: rabbits & elephant shrews
475: Rodentia*: rodents
480: Archonta: mostly primates
490: Dermoptera & Chiroptera*:
colugos and bats
500: Ferae*: cats, bears, dogs, seals
510: Ungulatomorpha:
uintatheres, zhelestids, mesonychians
520: Cetartiodactyla: whales, pigs,
deer, rhinos and other "even-toed" ungulates
530: Altungulata: horses, elephants,
hyraxes and other "odd-toes" ungulates
Bones
The Braincase (Neurocranium)
The Ethmoid Region
Ethmoid
The Occiput
for paroccipital process, see Opisthotic
The Otic Region
Dermosphenotic
Mastoid
Opisthotic
Prootic
The Sphenoid Region
Basisphenoid
Pleurosphenoid
Sphenethmoid
The Dermal Bones (Dermatocranium)
Facial Series
Internasal
Premaxilla
Septomaxilla
Mandibular Series
Dentary
Gular
Infradentaries (see Surangular)
Surangular
Opercular Series
Opercular
Orbital Series
Jugals
Palatal Series
Palatines
The Ear
Incus
Gill Arch Derivatives (Splanchnocranium)
Epibranchials
Incus (see Ear: Incus)
Hypohyal
Meckel's Cartilage
Teeth Canines Molars Tooth Implantation
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